Table 7.

Studies associating occupational pesticide exposure with urogenital abnormalities.

Studies	Association	Pesticide Tested	CAs Tested	Exposure Assessment	Study Type/Sample Size	Confounding Factors
(Weidner et al., 1998)	+	Unspecified/All	Hypospadias/Cryptorchidism	Tax authority information sheets (indicating employee’s working place)	Register-based case-control/30,795	Birth year/birth weight/gestational age/parity/twin birth Maternal history of stillbirth Parental age/nationality/professional status Maternal occupation/occurrence of the same malformation in an older brother
(Andersen et al., 2008)	+	200 compounds	All	Questionnaire-assisted interview/governmental risk assessment/employer’s interview	Cohort/113	Birth weight/birth length/gestational age/age at examination/IUGR/smoking during pregnancy
(Gaspari et al., 2011)	+	Unspecified/All	Hypospadias/Cryptorchidism/Micropenis/Disorders of sexual differentiation	Questionnaire	Nested case-control/115	Time to pregnancy Parity Weeks of gestation/birth weight/folic acid supplements Contraceptive pill use/smoking/alcohol intake during pregnancy
(Rocheleau et al., 2011)	−	Unspecified/All	Hypospadias	Interview/Job exposure matrix (only low exposures assessed)	Case-control/2143	Maternal age Parity History of miscarriage/singleton/multiple pregnancy Gestational age/birth weight of the index infant Maternal alcohol/smoking/folic acid supplement use Pre-pregnancy BMI/race/income category Parental education/parental birthplace outside the US/language of the interview
(Jorgensen et al., 2014)	+	Unspecified/All	Cryptorchidism	Employment Classification Module from Statistics Denmark	Cohort/ > 600,000	Birth year/maternal and paternal age Maternal parity status Geographical region at birth

BMI: Body Mass Index; CAs: Congenital Abnormalities; HR: Hazard Ratio; OR: Odds Ratio; UGAs: Urogenital Abnormalities; 95% CI: Confidence Interval; +: association detected; −: no association detected; +/−: trend towards association (not statistically significant).