Figure 4.

Various 3D culture methods. Spheroid culture is achieved through the hanging drop method or through use of cell‐repellent culture‐ware. Organoid culture is achieved by embedment of cells in extracellular matrix (ECM) gels. Layer‐by‐layer ECM nanofilm coating‐based culture is achieved by creating an ECM nanofilm on the surface of cells prior to cell seeding. Multiple cell types may be mixed in these 3D culture methods to generate in vitro models of pancreatic cancer tumor microenvironment. For simplicity, only a single cell type is depicted in this figure