Table 3. - Case reports of kidney involvement due to scorpion sting.
| References | Number of cases | Age a | Scorpion Specie | Initial presentation e | Antivenom | Pancreatic findings | Dialysis e | Outcome | Kidney findings e |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malhotra et al., 197841, Iran | 15 (9 males) | 2.5 – 60c | b | Local ulceration in stung site (3), hemoglobinuria, oliguria, edema, hemolytic anemia and hemolytic jaundice | No | b | Yes (5) | b | Hemoglobinuria, mesangial proliferation, variable degreed of tubular changes and mild interstitial infiltration (4) |
| Chadha et al., 197945, Iran | 1 (female) | 28 | b | Bloody urine, breathless, severe hemolytic anemia, slight jaundice, puffy face, black necrotic area at the stung site, hypotension | Yes (dose did not report) | Yes | Discharge (skin grafting was performed later) | Hemoglobinuria, albuminuria, anuria (Not biopsied) | |
| Naqvi et al., 199847, Pakistan | 1 (male) | 60 | b | Severe local pain, swelling (foot), hematuria, torpor, cervical rigidity | No | Normal amylase | Yes | Death (Disseminated intravascular coagulation and shock) | Hematuria, albuminuria, acute tubular necrosis in renal tissue |
| Derakhshan et al., 200448, Iran | 6 | <16 | b | Haemolysis | b | b | b | b | Acute tubular necrosis |
| Valavi et al., 200849, India | 1 (female) | 7 | Hemiscorpius lepturus | Bloody urine, vomiting, agitation, restlessness, erythematic area with local oedema at the stung site | Yes | b | Yes | Discharge in dialysis program | Hemoglobinuria, microscopic haematuria, proteinuria and erythrocyte casts, clinical diagnosis of haemolytic uremic syndrome (Not biopsied) |
| Jalali et al., 201040, Iran | 102 | <10 | Hemiscorpius lepturus | b | b | b | b | 3 deaths (associated to AKId) | Hemoglobinuria isolated (28) or with renal failure d (73) |
| Naqvi, 201543, Pakistan | 18 (7 males) | 10.74 – 47.7 c | b | Main stung site – foot, severe local pain, tingling, numbness, burning sensation, oliguria- anuria (16), haematuria/ hematemesis (10) | b | b | Yes (18) | 16 discharge (13 with complete and 3 with partial renal recovery) and 2deaths (cardiac arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy) | Haematuria (14), proteinuria (15), acute tubular necrosis and pigment casts without abnormal glomeruli (3) |
| Ranaweera et al., 201528, Sri-Lanka | 1 | 53 | b | Vomiting, abdominal pain, haemoglobinuria progressing to anuria | No | b | Yes | Discharge in dialysis program (death 4 months later) | Haemorrhagic glomerular infarction with AKI |
| Vazirianzadeh et al., 201742, Iran | 103 | ≤14 | Hemiscorpius lepturus and Androctonus crassicauda | b | b | b | b | 4 deaths | Hemoglobinuria in different rates |
a Years old; b Not reported; c Minimum – maximum; d Increase in serum creatinine or decrease in its clearance by more than 50% of standard values was considered as renal failure; e- number of patients with described characteristic were represented between parenthesis. * Some scorpion species common in Pakistan: Hemiscorpius lepturus, Mesobuthus tumulus, Androctonus crassicauda and M. eupeus. ** Some scorpion species common in Iran (Khuzistan scorpions): genera Buthus, Compsobuthus, and Hemiscorpius, of which Buthus sauloci is the commonest.