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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 28.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2018 Jan 31;118(4):1917–1950. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00534

Figure 28. Detection of neurodegenerative diseases.

Figure 28

(a) EVs obtained from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model cell line (N2A) were negatively stained with 1% uranyl acetate and immunolabeled with antibodies for the exosomal marker Alix. Exosomes also were immunolabeled for Aβ40 or Aβ42 and cholera toxin B subunit (CTx-B), which binds to the ganglioside GM1. (b) Longitudinal analysis of the development of altered levels of phosphorylated IRS-1 in AD. PC-AD, preclinical values 1 to 10 yr before diagnosis for patients with AD; control, values for cognitively normal healthy subjects matched by age and gender with each patient with AD at the time of diagnosis. Reprinted with permission from Ref 230. Copyright 2006 The National Academy of Sciences of the USA. Reprinted with permission from Ref 275. Copyright 2015 FASEB.