Table 5.
Prevalence of Amblyopia in Other Studies and Populations
| Study | Country (Publication Year) | Age (N) | Ethnicity | Diagnostic Criteria* | Prevalence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPEDS19 | Australia (2012) | 30–72 mos (1422) | Multiethnic (predominantly white) | Criterion A | 1.9% |
| STARS18 | Singapore (2010) | 30–72 mos (1682) | Chinese | Criterion A | 1.19% |
| BPEDS9 | United States (2009) | 30–71 mos (1546) | White (673) African American (873) |
Criterion A | 1.8% 0.8% |
| MEPEDS6 | United States (2008) | 30–72 mos (3350) | African American (1663) Hispanic/Latino (1687) |
Criterion A | 1.5% 2.6% |
| MEPEDS20 | United States (2013) | 30–72 mos (1883) | Asian American (938) Non-Hispanic White (945) |
Criterion A | 1.81% 1.81% |
| Chang et al17 | Taiwan (2007) | 3–6 yrs (5232) | Hans and aboriginal Taiwanese | Criterion B | 2.2% |
| ALSPAC14 | United Kingdom (2008) | 7 yrs (7825) | Predominantly white | Criterion C | 3.6% |
| SMS11 | Australia (2006) | 6 yrs (1739) | Multiethnic (predominantly white) | Criterion D | 1.8% |
| SMS13 | Australia (2008) | 12 yrs (2353) | Multiethnic (predominantly white) | Criterion D | 1.9% |
| RESC | Multi-country | 5–15 yrs (39 321) | Multiethnic | Criterion E | 0.74% |
ALSPAC = Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; BPEDS = Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study; MEPEDS = Multiethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study; RESC = Refractive Error Study in Children; SMS = Sydney Myopia Study; SPEDS = Sydney Pediatric Eye= Disease Study; STARS = Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive Error in Young Singaporean Children.
Criterion A: The definition used in the pediatric studies. Unilateral: BCVA ≤20/32 in the worse eye, IOD ≥2-line, with ≥1 amblyogenic factors: (1) or constant intermittent strabismus; (2) previous strabismus surgery; (3) anisometropia consistent with the worse eye (≥1.00 D SE anisohyperopia, ≥3.00 D SE anisomyopia, or ≥1.50 D anisoastigmatism); (4) past or present obstruction of visual axis. Bilateral: bilateral BCVA <20/50 (age 30–47 mos) or <20/40 (age 48–72 mos), with bilateral ametropia (≥4.00 D SE hyperopia, ≥6.00 D SE myopia, or ≥2.50 D astigmatism) or with past or present bilateral obstruction of visual axis.
Criterion B: BCVA <1.0 and risk factors evaluated by an ophthalmologist.
Criterion C: BCVA <20/40 for the worse eye, IOD ≥2-line, or history of amblyopia treatment.
Criterion D: Unilateral: BCVA <20/40 in the worse eye, IOD ≥2-line and with ≥1 amblyogenic factors: (1) anisometropic amblyopia: ≥1.00 D, SE between the 2 eyes, without strabismus; (2) strabismic amblyopia: any heterotropia or history of strabismus surgery without anisometropia or high refractive error; (3) mixed strabismic-anisometropic amblyopia: (1) and (2) were present in combination; (4) stimulus deprivation amblyopia: past or present obstruction of visual axis. Bilateral: bilateral BCVA <20/40, with bilateral ametropia (≥4.00 D SE hyperopia, ≥6.00 D SE myopia, or ≥2.50 D astigmatism); or with past or present bilateral obstruction of visual axis. History of amblyopia or treatment.
Criterion E: BCVA ≤20/40 with ≥1 potential causes: (1) esotropia, exotropia, or vertical tropia at 4 m fixation, or esotropia or vertical tropia at 0.5 m; (2) anisometropia ≥2.00 D SE; (3) hyperopia ≥6.00 D SE.