Table 3.
Factors affecting the anti-α-Gal response at month 3 stratified by age group.
| Antibody | Age* | Sex | Site | WAZ | HAZ | Hb | Exposure index | Maternal index | Prior episode† | Seasonǂ | vaccine | IgG at M0 | IgM at M0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | |
| Infants | |||||||||||||
| IgG | 13.89 (−0.69;30.61) 0.31 | −22.34 (−46.73;13.21) 0.93 | 44.7 (−1.77;113.16) 0.31 | −5.4 (−21.29;13.7) 1 | 4.39 (−11.17;22.67) 1 | −0.73 (−15.88;17.14) 0.93 | −0.31 (−5.94;5.66) 1 | −4.08 (−10.61;2.92) 0.73 | 0.12 (−48.12;93.23) 1 | 96.96 (6.32;264.89) 0.19 | 19.03 (−20.16;77.48) 0.95 | 235.96 (150.48;350.62) <0.001 | −5.88 (−30.61;27.67) 1 |
| IgG1 | 7.63 (−11.33;30.65) 1 | −3.34 (−43.13;64.27) 1 | 56.1 (−9.3;168.67) 0.43 | −3.6 (−25.45;24.65) 1 | −4.63 (−23.92;19.55) 1 | −18.33 (−34.97;2.57) 0.49 | 0.66 (−7.18;9.17) 1 | −9.69 (−18.03;−0.49) 0.16 | −51.53 (−80.44;20.07) 0.47 | 115.22 (−9.57;412.24) 0.41 | −35.96 (−63.16;11.31) 0.68 | −12.27 (−47.94;47.86) 1 | −1.8 (−35.86;50.32) 1 |
| IgG2 | −7.24 (−20.69;8.47) 1 | −4.21 (−36.69;44.93) 1 | −26.77 (−51.99;11.71) 0.43 | −6.47 (−23.15;13.83) 1 | −4 (−19.18;14.03) 1 | 12.06 (−5.86;33.39) 0.72 | −3.94 (−9.63;2.1) 1 | 0.62 (−6.87;8.71) 1 | 113.08 (1.23;348.53) 0.26 | 67.49 (−15.07;230.3) 0.54 | 33.11 (−13.8;105.54) 0.86 | 114.92 (45.65;217.14) <0.001 | −27.37 (−47.97;1.38) 0.24 |
| IgG3 | 0.52 |(−1.09;2.16) 1 | 3.44 (−0.98;8.06) 0.64 | 4.37 (−0.23;9.18) 0.31 | 0.03 (−2.09;2.19) 1 | 1.35 (−0.53;3.25) 0.95 | −1.5 (−3.36;0.39) 0.58 | −0.14 (−0.81;0.54) 1 | −0.37 (−1.18;0.45) 0.75 | −2.87 (−10;4.82) 0.90 | 9.43 (1.91;17.5) 0.08 | 2.43 (−2.21;7.29) 0.92 | 2.59 (−1.75;7.12) 0.73 | −0.63 (−4.09;2.96) 1 |
| IgG4 | 0.88 (−0.24;2.02) 0.49 | −1.08 (−4.08;2.01) 1 | 2.6 (−0.59;5.9) 0.43 | −1.19 (−2.64;0.28) 0.67 | 0.08 (−1.23;1.41) 1 | −0.51 (−1.84;0.83) 0.9 | 0.02 (−0.45;0.49) 1 | −0.77 (−1.32;−0.22) 0.03 | −5.25 (−10.08;−0.15) 0.26 | 1.07 (−3.97;6.37) 1 | 2.26 (−0.99;5.61) 0.86 | 0.23 (−2.77;3.33) 1 | 2.67 (0.21;5.19) 0.17 |
| IgM | 49.05 (25.69;76.76) <0.001 | −50.77 (−69.89;−19.51) 0.03 | 278.48 (138.23;501.3) <0.001 | −16.91 (−34.95;6.13) 0.68 | 2.98 (−17.12;27.95) 1 | −16.08 (−32.63;4.53) 0.58 | 5.17 (−2.67;13.64) 1 | −16.68 (−23.74;−8.98) <0.001 | −48.17 (−78.36;24.15) 0.47 | 7.17 (−53.99;149.65) 1 | 31.29 (−23.14;124.27) 0.95 | 49.53 (−8.99;145.69) 0.44 | 119.91 (50.3;221.78) <0.001 |
| Children | |||||||||||||
| Antibody | Age* | Sex | Site | WAZ | HAZ | Hb | Exposure index | Maternal index | Prior episode† | Vaccine | IgG at M0 | IgM at M0 | |
| Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | Coef(CI) p-val | ||
| IgG | 4.46 (2.15;6.82) 0.001 | 21.57 (−44.06;164.22) 1 | 197.26 (41.24;525.65) 0.02 | −11.62 (−36.6;23.2) 1 | −27.07 (−48.29;2.87) 0.43 | 31.26 (3.14;67.04) 0.14 | −2.23 (−10.28;6.55) 1 | −7.33 (−17.6;4.21) 0.78 | 2.96 (−67.76;228.75) 1 | −14.86 (−62.48;93.21) 1 | 553.04 (407.38;740.51) <0.001 | 643.92 (247.07;1494.52) <0.001 | |
| IgG1 | 2.53 (0.1;5.02) 0.12 | 26.8 (−42.24;178.4) 1 | 196.13 (39.09;530.48) 0.02 | 2.21 (−27.09;43.29) 1 | −17.75 (−42.21;17.07) 1 | 33.39 (4.54;70.2) 0.13 | −5.67 (−13.48;2.83) 0.73 | −4.46 (−15.7;8.28) 0.93 | 5.06 (−67.62;240.84) 1 | −18.89 (−64.64;86.05) 1 | 398.63 (255.6;599.19) <0.001 | 226.21 (39.11;664.94) 0.02 | |
| IgG2 | 5.39 (2.83;8.02) <0.001 | −12.98 (−64.11;110.98) 1 | 118.5 (−7.74;417.5) 0.15 | 2.75 (−29.53;49.81) 1 | −23.1 (−47.82;13.33) 0.91 | 4.55 (−20.37;37.25) 1 | −2.87 (−11.64;6.77) 1 | −1.92 (−12.69;10.18) 0.93 | −43.84 (−83.92;96.14) 1 | −29.48 (−71.65;75.42) 1 | 491.83 (312.64;748.81) <0.001 | 481.29 (143.92;1285.23) <0.001 | |
| IgG3 | 0.01 (−0.74;0.76) 0.98 | −3.81 (−24.22;22.09) 1 | 87.77 (54.22;128.61) <0.001 | 5.94 (−4.29;17.26) 1 | 1.14 (−9.17;12.63) 1 | 3.87 (−3.7;12.05) 0.96 | −3.76 (−6.15;−1.32) <0.001 | −3.76 (−9.35;2.16) 0.78 | −27.28 (−48.73;3.14) 0.44 | 2.1 (−20.62;31.32) 1 | 19.74 (3.92;37.98) 0.03 | 10.43 (−15.58;44.46) 0.93 | |
| IgG4 | 0.35 (−0.33;1.03) 0.63 | −2.5 (−21.68;21.39) 1 | 64.9 (36.16;99.71) <0.001 | 9.34 (−0.26;19.88) 0.34 | 3.1 (−6.58;13.79) 1 | 1.4 (−5.45;8.74) 1 | −2.65 (−4.91;−0.32) 0.13 | −3.99 (−8.62;0.86) 0.51 | −22.36 (−43.77;7.22) 0.61 | 4.16 (−17.34;31.23) 1 | 13.5 (−0.56;29.55) 0.06 | 7.65 (−15.91;37.82) 0.93 | |
| IgM | 1.69 (0.61;2.79) 0.01 | 12.46 (−21.66;61.45) 1 | 35.76 (−5.09;94.2) 0.15 | −6.63 (−20.01;8.99) 1 | −8.23 (−21.99;7.96) 1 | 13.11 (1.06;26.59) 0.14 | −1.01 (−4.9;3.03) 1 | −6.73 (−12.46;−0.62) 0.19 | −22.59 (−54.82;32.63) 1 | −3.92 (−34.45;40.83) 1 | 36.13 (10.01;68.47) 0.02 | 183.54 (101.56;298.87) <0.001 | |
Multivariable linear models including phase 3 participants from both sites stratifying by age group. The coefficients indicate % change for a unit change in the predictor (95% confidence intervals). P-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons through Benjamini-Hochberg and Holm; those significant are in bold.
*Continous age in weeks. Age cohort (children vs infants). Sex (male vs female). Site (Manhiça vs Kintampo). WAZ (Weight-for-Age Z-score). HAZ (Height-for-Age Z-score). Hb (Baseline hemoglobin (g/dL). Exposure index (baseline anti-P. falciparum exposure IgM levels). Maternal index (baseline maternally transferred antibodies). †Malaria episode between month 0 and month 3 (yes vs no). ǂMalaria transmission season at month 3 sample collection (low vs high). Vaccine (RTS,S vs comparator).