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. 2018 Jun 27;9:1463. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01463

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Copyright © 2018 Nair, Mazza, Brambilla, Gorzanelli, Agresti and Bianchi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Soluble, MB, and ME-associated molecules from LPS-challenged bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) induce inflammatory responses on naive BMDMs. Naïve BMDMs were incubated for 4 h with aliquots of the fractions obtained after density centrifugation of the CCM from unchallenged BMDMs (untreated), LPS-challenged BMDMs (LPS), or BMDMs incubated with an equivalent volume of PBS (Crtl). Fractions containing soluble proteins, macrobodies, or microvesicles and exosomes and were tested separately. The inflammatory response was assayed as transcription of inflammatory genes (Il6, Il1b, and Tnf), measured by real-time qPCR. Each dot represents a biological replicate. Averages and SDs are indicated. Statistical significance was tested with one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s posttest; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.