Table 1. Characteristics of outpatient healthcare providers.
All studies used the Maslach Burnout Inventory, except as follows: Kruse 51 (single question validated against a full occupational burnout scale); Akintola 33 (modified MBI score); Jocic 52 (Self-assessment test with 15 questions assessed on a Freudenberg scale); Muliira 49 (Professional Quality of Life Scale); Pandey 50 (Copenhagen Burnout Inventory).
| Author, year | Country
(World Bank Region) |
Type of Healthcare Provider | Sample Size | Sex, % participants | Age, years a | Position/Type of work,
% participants |
Number of years in present position or occupational tenure,
% participants b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benevides-Pereira, 2007 | Brazil
(Latin America and the Caribbean) |
HIV Healthcare Providers | 87 | Male, 18.4%
Female, 79.3% Not Reported, 2.3% |
36.4 ± 9.5 | Voluntary, 63.2%
Not voluntary, 36.8% |
≤5, 73.5%
˃5, 25.3% Not Reported, 1.2% |
| da Silva, 2008 | Brazil
(Latin America and the Caribbean) |
Community-based health agents | 141 | Male, 7.8%
Female, 92.2% |
38.9 ± 11.4 | Not Reported | ≤3.5, 51.1%
˃3.5, 48.9% |
| Engelbrecht, 2008 | South Africa
(Sub-Saharan Africa) |
Nurses | 543 | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported |
| Kruse, 2009 | Zimbabwe
(Sub-Saharan Africa) |
HIV Healthcare Providers | 483 | Female, 86.6%
Not Reported, 13.4% |
Median,37 (31–45) | Physicians, 1.5%
Clinical officers, 10.8% Nurses, 50.5% Midwifes, 27.9% Pharmacy technicians, 4.1% Others, 5.2% |
Median (IQR)
d
10 (4–17) |
| Putnik, 2011 | Serbia
(Europe and Central Asia) |
Primary Healthcare Physicians | 373 | Male, 16.0%
Female, 84.0% |
Male, 47.4 ±10.2
Female, 47.4 ± 8.5 |
Not Reported | Mean
Male, 19.8% Female, 19.6% |
| Ge, 2011 | China
(East Asia and Pacific) |
Community Health Workers | 1694 |
City of Shenyang
C: City of Benxi
c
Male, 22.2% Male, 15.8% Female, 77.8% Female, 84.2% |
Median ≥ 40 |
City of Shenyang City of Benxi
Physicians, 56.6% Physicians, 40.4% Nurses, 35.4% Nurses, 46.6% Others, 7.9% Others, 13.0% |
Not Reported |
| Malakouti, 2011 | Iran
(Middle East and North Africa) |
Rural Health Workers | 227 | Male, 29.9%
Female, 70.1% |
35.1 ± 7.2 | Not Reported | Mean ± SD
12.0 ± 7.6 |
| Calgan, 2011 | Turkey
(Europe and Central Asia) |
Community Pharmacists | 251 | Male, 41.4%
Female, 58.6% |
42.1 ± 11.2 | Not Reported | ˂10, 43.4%
10–19, 25.7% 20–29, 21.2% ≥ 30, 9.6% |
| Alameddine, 2012 | Lebanon
(Middle East and North Africa) |
Primary Healthcare Providers | 755 | Male, 49.6%
Female, 50.3% Not Reported, 0.1% |
Median, 36–45 | Generalists (including dentists), 23%
Medical Specialists, 21.7% Nurses, 32.7% Allied health professionals, 15.1% Other health professionals, 7.4% |
≤5, 61.8%
6–10, 19.2% ˃10, 16.1% Not Reported, 2.9% |
| Akintola, 2013 | South Africa
(Sub-Saharan Africa) |
AIDS Volunteer Caregivers | 126 | Male, 100% | 35.0 ± 7.1 | Care of HIV/AIDS patients, 36.8%
Care of orphans, 14.4% Care of both groups, 48.8% |
Mean ± SD
6.8 ± 2.1 |
| Jocic, 2014 | Serbia
(Europe and Central Asia) |
Community Pharmacists | 647 | Male, 24.9%
Female, 75.1% |
Median, 41–50 | Not Reported | ≤5, 16.7%
6–10, 27.0% ˃10, 56.3% |
| Karakose, 2014 | Turkey
(Europe and Central Asia) |
General practitioners | 71 | Male, 87.3%
Female, 12.7% |
˂30 years, 29.6%
31–45 years, 54.9% ≥46 years, 15.5% |
Not Reported | Not Reported |
| Ding, 2014 | China
(East Asia and Pacific) |
Community Health Center providers | 1243 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | ≤10, 28.7%
11–20, 31.4% 21–30, 26.4% ˃30, 13.5% |
| Cagan, 2015 | Turkey
(Europe and Central Asia) |
Primary Healthcare Providers | 418 | Male, 33.3%
Female, 66.7% |
36.6 ± 6.3 | Physicians, 44.4%
Nurses, 25.4% Midwives, 30.1% |
Not Reported |
| Cao, 2015 | China
(East Asia and Pacific) |
Community Health Nurses | 485 | Female, 100% | 26.4 ± 3.8 | Staff nurses, 94.2%
Head nurses, 5.8% |
≤5, 57.9%
6–10, 29.1% ˃10, 13.0% |
| Silva, 2015 | Brazil
(Latin America and the Caribbean) |
Primary Healthcare Providers | 194 | Male, 16.5%
Female, 83.5% |
44.9 ± 10.5 | Physicians, 27.8%
Nurses, 37.1% Dentists, 20.1% Social assistants, 14.9% |
Not Reported |
| Muliira, 2015 | Uganda
(Sub-Saharan Africa) |
Midwives | 224 | Male, 20.5%
Female, 79.5% |
34 ± 6.3 | Antenatal clinic, 43.3%
Delivery ward or labour room, 33.0% Postnatal ward, 23.7% Health Center Level II 49.1% Health Center Level III 33.5% Health Center Level IV 17.4% |
3 ± 1.3 |
| Hu, 2015 | China
(East Asia and Pacific) |
Nurses | 420 | Female, 100% | ≤30 years, 48.3%
31–40 years, 34.5% ≥41 years, 17.2% |
Nurse, 41.4%
Senior Nurse, 24.8% Chief Nurse or higher, 33.8% |
≤3 years, 29.3%
4–10 years, 22.4% ≥11 years, 48.3% |
| Pandey, 2015 | India
(South Asia) |
Accredited Social Health Activists | 177 | Female, 100% | 31.9 ± 6.7 | Accredited Social Health Activists, 100% | Not reported |
| Cao, 2016 | China
(East Asia and Pacific) |
Community Health Nurses | 456 | Male, 4.7%
Female, 95.4% |
34.1 ± 7.1 | Community health nurses, 100% | 1–5, 5.5%
6–10, 24.6% 11–15, 38.3% 16–20, 26.8% ˃20, 4.8% |
Key:
a
Age (in years) is reported as mean ± standard deviation, except where noted
b
Number of years in service (in %) except where noted
c
Shenyang, Benxi are two cities in Liaoning Province in northeast China. Shenyang has 7.2 million inhabitants, and Benxi has 3.1 million inhabitants
d
IQR : interquartile range