Table 1. Characteristics of outpatient healthcare providers.
All studies used the Maslach Burnout Inventory, except as follows: Kruse 50 (single question validated against a full occupational burnout scale); Akintola 32 (modified MBI score); Jocic 51 (Self-assessment test with 15 questions assessed on a Freudenberg scale); Muliira 48 (Professional Quality of Life Scale); Pandey 49 (Copenhagen Burnout Inventory).
| Author, year | Country
(World Bank Region) |
Type of
Healthcare Provider |
Sample
Size |
Sex, %
participants |
Age,
years a |
Position/Type of
work, % participants |
Number of years in
present position or occupational tenure, % participants b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benevides-
Pereira, 2007 |
Brazil
(Latin America and the Caribbean) |
HIV
Healthcare Providers |
87 | Male, 18.4%
Female, 79.3% Not Reported, 2.3% |
36.4 ± 9.5 | Voluntary, 63.2%
Not voluntary, 36.8% |
>5, 73.5%
˃5, 25.3% Not Reported, 1.2% |
| da Silva,
2008 |
Brazil
(Latin America and the Caribbean) |
Community-
based health agents |
141 | Male, 7.8%
Female, 92.2% |
38.9 ±
11.4 |
Not Reported | ≤3.5, 51.1%
>3.5, 48.9% |
| Engelbrecht,
2008 |
South Africa
(Sub-Saharan Africa) |
Nurses | 543 | Not Reported | Not
Reported |
Not Reported | Not Reported |
| Kruse, 2009 | Zambia
(Sub-Saharan Africa) |
HIV
Healthcare Providers |
483 | Female, 86.6%
Not Reported, 13.4% |
Median,37
(31–45) |
Physicians, 1.5%
Clinical officers, 10.8% Nurses, 50.5% Midwifes, 27.9% Pharmacy technicians, 4.1% Others, 5.2% |
Median (IQR)
d
10 (4–17) |
| Putnik, 2011 | Serbia
(Europe and Central Asia) |
Primary
Healthcare Physicians |
373 | Male, 16.0%
Female, 84.0% |
Male, 47.4
±10.2 Female, 47.4 ± 8.5 |
Not Reported | Mean
Male, 19.8% Female, 19.6% |
| Ge, 2011 | China
(East Asia and Pacific) |
Community
Health Workers |
1694 |
City of
Shenyang c: City of Benxi c Male, 22.2% Male, 15.8% Female, 77.8% Female, 84.2% |
Median
≥ 40 |
City of
Shenyang City of Benxi Physicians, 56.6% Physicians, 40.4% Nurses, 35.4% Nurses, 46.6% Others, 7.9% Others, 13.0% |
Not Reported |
| Malakouti,
2011 |
Iran
(Middle East and North Africa) |
Rural Health
Workers |
227 | Male, 29.9%
Female, 70.1% |
35.1 ± 7.2 | Not Reported | Mean ± SD
12.0 ± 7.6 |
| Calgan, 2011 | Turkey
(Europe and Central Asia) |
Community
Pharmacists |
251 | Male, 41.4%
Female, 58.6% |
42.1 ±
11.2 |
Not Reported | <10, 43.4%
10–19, 25.7% 20–29, 21.2% ≥ 30, 9.6% |
| Alameddine,
2012 |
Lebanon
(Middle East and North Africa) |
Primary
Healthcare Providers |
755 | Male, 49.6%
Female, 50.3% Not Reported, 0.1% |
Median,
36–45 |
Generalists (including
dentists), 23% Medical Specialists, 21.7% Nurses, 32.7% Allied health professionals, 15.1% Other health professionals, 7.4% |
≤5, 61.8%
6–10, 19.2% <10, 16.1% Not Reported, 2.9% |
| Akintola,
2013 |
South Africa
(Sub-Saharan Africa) |
AIDS
Volunteer Caregivers |
126 | Male, 100% | 35.0 ± 7.1 | Care of HIV/AIDS
patients, 36.8% Care of orphans, 14.4% Care of both groups, 48.8% |
Mean ± SD
6.8 ± 2.1 |
| Jocic, 2014 | Serbia
(Europe and Central Asia) |
Community
Pharmacists |
647 | Male, 24.9%
Female, 75.1% |
Median,
41–50 |
Not Reported | ≤5, 16.7%
6–10, 27.0% >10, 56.3% |
| Karakose,
2014 |
Turkey
(Europe and Central Asia) |
General
practitioners |
71 | Male, 87.3%
Female, 12.7% |
<30 years,
29.6% 31–45 years, 54.9% ≥46 years, 15.5% |
Not Reported | Not Reported |
| Ding, 2014 | China
(East Asia and Pacific) |
Community
Health Center providers |
1243 | Not reported | Not
reported |
Not reported | ≤10, 28.7%
11–20, 31.4% 21–30, 26.4% >30, 13.5% |
| Cagan, 2015 | Turkey
(Europe and Central Asia) |
Primary
Healthcare Providers |
418 | Male, 33.3%
Female, 66.7% |
36.6 ± 6.3 | Physicians, 44.4%
Nurses, 25.4% Midwives, 30.1% |
Not Reported |
| Cao, 2015 | China
(East Asia and Pacific) |
Community
Health Nurses |
485 | Female, 100% | 26.4 ± 3.8 | Staff nurses, 94.2%
Head nurses, 5.8% |
≤5, 57.9%
6–10, 29.1% >10, 13.0% |
| Silva, 2015 | Brazil
(Latin America and the Caribbean) |
Primary
Healthcare Providers |
194 | Male, 16.5%
Female, 83.5% |
44.9 ± 10.5 | Physicians, 27.8%
Nurses, 37.1% Dentists, 20.1% Social assistants, 14.9% |
Not Reported |
| Muliira, 2015 | Uganda
(Sub-Saharan Africa) |
Midwives | 224 | Male, 20.5%
Female, 79.5% |
34 ± 6.3 | Antenatal clinic,
43.3% Delivery ward or labour room, 33.0% Postnatal ward, 23.7% Health Center Level II 49.1% Health Center Level III 33.5% Health Center Level IV 17.4% |
3 ± 1.3 |
| Hu, 2015 | China
(East Asia and Pacific) |
Nurses | 420 | Female, 100% | ≤30 years,
48.3% 31–40 years, 34.5% ≥41 years, 17.2% |
Nurse, 41.4%
Senior Nurse, 24.8% Chief Nurse or higher, 33.8% |
≤3 years, 29.3%
4–10 years, 22.4% ≥11 years, 48.3% |
| Pandey, 2015 | India
(South Asia) |
Accredited
Social Health Activists |
177 | Female, 100% | 31.9 ± 6.7 | Accredited Social
Health Activists, 100% |
Not reported |
| Cao, 2016 | China
(East Asia and Pacific) |
Community
Health Nurses |
456 | Male, 4.7%
Female, 95.4% |
34.1 ± 7.1 | Community health
nurses, 100% |
1–5, 5.5%
6–10, 24.6% 11–15, 38.3% 16–20, 26.8% >20, 4.8% |
Key:
aAge (in years) is reported as mean ± standard deviation, except where noted
bNumber of years in service (in %) except where noted
cShenyang, Benxi are two cities in Liaoning Province in northeast China. Shenyang has 7.2 million inhabitants, and Benxi has 3.1 million inhabitants
dIQR : interquartile range