Table 1.

Study Results of Middle Ear Biofilm Detection and Validation With OCT, FISH/CLSM, and PCR Analysis of Samples.

Analysis	Samples, n
OCT
Diagnosed with COME/RAOM and observed intraoperatively	40 of 40
OCT imaging achieved	38 of 40
OCT identified biofilm	38 of 38
CLSM (FISH labeled)
Universal probe EUB335	32 of 33
Universal and at least 1 probe	28 of 33
Polymicrobial population	24 of 33
Haemophilus influenzae	19 of 24
Streptococcus pneumoniae	21 of 24
Moraxella catarrhalis	18 of 24
PCR
Insufficient DNA for identification	11 of 31
OM-related bacteria identified	20 of 31
H influenzae	14 of 20
S pneumoniae	7 of 20
M catarrhalis	8 of 20

Abbreviations: CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy; COME, chronic otitis media with effusion; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; OCT, optical coherence tomography; OM, otitis media; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RAOM, recurrent acute otitis media.