Table 3. Improvement in lung function with LABA/LAMA FDCs versus placebo, TIO and SFC26,27,28,31,32,33,35,36,38,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,53,55.

Variable	IND/GLY 110/50 µg q.d.	VI/UMEC 25/62.5 µg q.d.	OLO/TIO 5/5 µg q.d.*	FOR/ACLI 12/400 µg b.i.d.	FF/GP 9.6/18 µg b.i.d.
Trough FEV1, mL
Placebo	189 to 200	167	162 to 208	129 to 143	103 to 150
TIO 18 µg q.d.	60 to 100	60 to 112	NS to 79	NA	NS to 25
SFC 50/500 µg b.i.d.	62 to 103	82 to 98	58	NS	NA
Peak FEV1, mL
Placebo	330	224	323 to 339	285 to 334	267 to 291
TIO 18 µg q.d.	130	72 to 95	111 to 135	NA	93 to 97
SFC 50/500 µg b.i.d.	121 to 155	97 to 122	147	93	NA
FEV1 5-min post morning dose, study end, mL
Placebo	290	112†	NA	108 to 128	186‡ to 187‡
TIO 18 µg q.d.	94 to 120	NA	NA	NA	NA
SFC 50/500 µg b.i.d.	150	NA	NA	NA	NA
FEV1 AUC0–xh
Placebo	320§ to 330¶	242∥	280§ to 331**	221††	NA
TIO 18 µg q.d.	110¶	74∥ to 105∥	103** to 117**	NA	NA
SFC 50/500 µg b.i.d.	110†† to 138††	74∥ to 101∥	86	90	NA

Values are presesnted as minimum and maximum mean LSM treatment difference value from all trials analyzed.

^*For OLO/TIO 5/5 µg q.d. studies, TIO 5 µg q.d. used as comparator. ^†FEV₁ 15-min post morning dose on day 1. ^‡FEV₁ 5-min post morning dose, day 1. ^§FEV₁ AUC_0–24h. ^¶FEV₁ AUC_0–4h. ^∥FEV₁ AUC_0–6h. ^**FEV₁AUC_0–3h. ^††FEV₁ AUC_0–12h.

LABA/LAMA: long-acting β2-agonist/long-acting muscarinic antagonist; FDC: fixed-dose combination; TIO: tiotropium; SFC: salmeterol/fluticasone; IND/GLY: indacaterol/glycopyrronium; q.d.: once daily; VI/UMEC: vilanterol/umeclidinium; OLO/TIO: olodaterol/tiotropium; FOR/ACLI: formoterol/aclidinium; b.i.d.: twice daily; FF/GP: formoterol fumarate/glycopyrrolate; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; NS: non-significant; NA: not available (no outcomes in any of the trials evaluated); AUC: area under the curve.