Table 2.
Risk and prognostic factors, and relative risks for morbidity and mortality, for measles, diarrhea, and pneumonia
| Disease-vaccine pair | Risk factors of morbidity (relative risk magnitude is indicated in parentheses) |
Prognostic factors of mortality (relative risk magnitude is indicated in parentheses) |
Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Measles – Measles vaccine | • Wasting: z-score < –3 SD (38.0, 95% CI 5.1–200.7); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (8.5, 95% CI 1.3–42.9) • Maternal education (3.2)a • Having no other children vaccinated at home (3.0)a • Underweight: z-score < –3 SD (5.7, 95% CI 1.8–12.4); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (2.5, 95% CI 1.3–5.1) • Stunting: z-score < –3 SD (2.5, 95% CI 1.1–6.6); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.5, 95% CI 1.0–3.3) • Vitamin A deficiency (2.4, 95% CI 1.6–3.5) |
• Wasting: z-score < –3 SD (38.0, 95% CI 5.1–200.7); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (8.5, 95% CI 1.3–42.9) • Underweight: z-score < –3 SD (5.7, 95% CI 1.8–12.4); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (2.5, 95% CI 1.3–5.1) • Stunting: z-score < –3 SD (2.5, 95% CI 1.1–6.6); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.5, 95% CI 1.0–3.3) • Vitamin A deficiency (2.4, 95% CI 1.6–3.5) • More than one child (1.8)a • Age at infection (NA)a • Secondary (versus primary) exposure (NA)a • Infection with complication (NA)a • Overcrowding (NA)a • Intensity of exposure and patterns of disease transmission (NA)a |
[14, 27, 34, 35] |
| Pneumonia – Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine | • Wasting: z-score < –3 SD (116.7, 95% CI 25.2–179.3); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (25.6, 95% CI 6.1–39.7) • Non-exclusive breastfeeding: None (4.5, 95% CI 1.0–18.3); Partial (5.4, 95% CI 1.0–20.9); Predominant (1.8, 95% CI 1.4–2.3) • Underweight: z-score < –3 SD (2.1, 95% CI 1.8–2.7); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.3, 95% CI 1.2–1.4) • Stunting: z-score < –3 SD (1.9); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.2)b • Zinc deficiency (1.8)a • Vitamin A deficiency (1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.0) • Low birth weight (< 2500 g) (1.4) • Exposed to household air pollution (1.4)a • Crowding (more than five people per household) (1.4)a • Secondhand smoke (1.2)a • Parental literacy level (NA)a |
• Wasting: z-score < –3 SD (116.7, 95% CI 25.2–179.3); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (25.6, 95% CI 6.1–39.7) • Non-exclusive breastfeeding: None (51.4, 95% CI 2.1–325.9); Partial (2.8, 95% CI 1.3–5.2); Predominant (1.9, 95% CI 1.0–4.1) • Zinc deficiency (1.7)a • Underweight: z-score < –3 SD (2.1, 95% CI 1.8–2.7); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.3, 95% CI 1.2–1.4) • Stunting: z-score < –3 SD (1.9, 95% CI 1.0–3.6); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.7) • Vitamin A deficiency (1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.0) • Secondhand smoke (1.2)a |
[14, 27, 28, 36, 37] |
| Diarrhea – Rotavirus vaccine | • Wasting: z-score < –3 SD (105.8, 95% CI 42.2–158.0); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (23.3, 95% CI 8.9–35.9) • Unsafe water source (11.2)a • Unsafe sanitation (3.2, 95% CI 2.8–3.7) • Mothers handwashing not practiced at critical time (2.2)a • Underweight: z-score < –3 SD (2.3, 95% CI 2.1–2.8); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.5) • Non-exclusive breastfeeding: None (2.2, 95% CI 1.5–3.2); Partial (1.5, 95% CI 1.0–2.3); Predominant (1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.7) • Stunting: z-score < –3 SD (1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.7); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.5) • Zinc deficiency (1.9)a • No hand washing with soap (1.7)c • Maternal literacy (1.7)a • Having more than two children aged under five years (1.7)a |
• Wasting: z-score < –3 SD (105.8, 95% CI 42.2–158.0); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (23.3, 95% CI 8.9–35.9) • Unsafe water source (11.2)a • Non-exclusive breastfeeding: None (9.7, 95% CI 2.4–28.1); Partial (3.9, 95% CI 1.5–8.3); Predominant (2.1, 95% CI 1.0–4.6) • Unsafe sanitation (3.2, 95% CI 2.8–3.7) • Underweight: z-score < –3 SD (2.3, 95% CI 2.1–2.8); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.5) • Zinc deficiency (2.0)a • Stunting: z-score < –3 SD (1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.7); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.5) • No handwashing with soap (1.7)c • Vitamin A deficiency (1.5)b |
[14, 27, 36, 38, 39] |
aRisk factors not included in the analysis due to Demographic and Health Survey data unavailable by wealth quintile
bRisk factors not included in the analysis due to lower relative risk
cRisk factors not included in the analysis due to poor data quality and/or poor variable definition
CI confidence interval, NA not available, SD standard deviation