Figure 1.

Hedgehog (Hh) activation markers in hepatic parenchyma of healthy and virally infected patients. Viral infection is associated with activation of the Hh pathway (GLI2 transcription factor and Sonic Hedgehog [SHH] ligand). Staining of liver tissue sections from controls (Con), patients with HIV infection (HIV), HCV infection (HCV), and HIV/HCV coinfection (HIV/HCV). Box and whisker plots of (A) GLI2 marker staining and (B) SHH marker staining across the 4 patient cohorts. C, Representative immunohistochemistry section with ductular and immune cell staining for GLI2 (brown) and ductular cell staining for SHH (green).