Table 6.
Principal causes of visual acuity <20/32 by participant education status
| Normal/near normal vision <20/32 to >20/63 | Vision impairment <20/63 to >20/200 | Blindness <20/200 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Principal cause | No education (n = 322) | Education (n = 883) | No education (n = 155) | Education (n = 397) | No education (n = 104) | Education (n = 220) |
| Refractive error* | 217 (67.4) | 710 (80.4) | 34 (21.9) | 140 (35.3) | 2(1.9) | 11 (5.0) |
| Retinal diseases | 22 (6.8) | 49 (5.5) | 28 (18.1) | 86 (21.7) | 32 (30.8) | 87 (39.6) |
| Other retinal disorders | 6(1.9) | 21 (2.4) | 12(7.7) | 47 (11.8) | 15 (14.4) | 51 (23.2) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 8 (2.5) | 13 (1.5) | 7 (4.5) | 29 (7.3) | 7 (6.7) | 19 (8.6) |
| Macular degeneration | 8 (2.5) | 15(1.7) | 9 (5.8) | 10 (2.5) | 9 (8.7) | 12 (5.5) |
| Retinal detachment | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) | 5 (2.3) |
| Cataract | 61 (18.9) | 83 (9.4) | 79 (51.0) | 105 (26.4) | 46 (44.2) | 41 (18.6) |
| Amblyopia | 3 (0.9) | 14 (1.6) | 4 (2.6) | 31 (7.8) | 0 (0.0) | 24 (10.9) |
| Glaucoma | 3 (0.9) | 7 (0.8) | 2(1.3) | 8 (2.0) | 10 (9.6) | 14 (6.4) |
| Corneal opacity/scar | 2 (0.6) | 4 (0.5) | 1 (0.6) | 10 (2.5) | 5 (4.8) | 14 (6.4) |
| Absent/disorganized globe | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2(1.9) | 14 (6.4) |
| Other optic atrophy | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4(1.0) | 3 (2.9) | 8 (3.6) |
| Posterior capsule opacification | 4(1.2) | 3 (0.3) | 2(1.3) | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Other causes | 1 (0.3) | 4 (0.5) | 1 (0.6) | 4(1.0) | 1 (1.0) | 3(1.4) |
| Undetermined | 9 (2.8) | 8 (0.9) | 4 (2.6) | 6(1.5) | 3 (2.9) | 4(1.8) |
*
Includes only eyes improving to ≥20/32 with subjective refraction.