Table 2.
Individual maternal risk factors and risk of obesity in offspring
| Maternal risk factor | No (%) of mothers | No (%) of offspring | No (%) of obese offspring | Relative risk (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
| Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 diet score | |||||
| Fifth 1 (bottom) | 3380 (20.0) | 4821 (19.9) | 319 (6.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Fifth 2 | 3354 (19.8) | 4835 (19.9) | 243 (5.0) | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.99) | 0.84 (0.71 to 1.00) |
| Fifth 3 | 3390 (20.0) | 4860 (20.0) | 259 (5.3) | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.09) | 0.93 (0.78 to 1.10) |
| Fifth 4 | 3396 (20.0) | 4879 (20.0) | 230 (4.7) | 0.85 (0.70 to 1.05) | 0.86 (0.70 to 1.05) |
| Fifth 5 (top) | 3425 (20.2) | 4894 (20.2) | 231 (4.7) | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.17) | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.19) |
| Body mass index | |||||
| <18.5 | 209 (1.2) | 307 (1.2) | 2 (0.7) | 0.23 (0.06 to 0.86) | 0.23 (0.06 to 0.84) |
| 18.5-24.9 | 9514 (56.2) | 13 731 (56.9) | 444 (3.2) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 25.0-29.9 | 4437 (26.2) | 6371 (26.0) | 402 (6.3) | 1.84 (1.58 to 2.14) | 1.83 (1.57 to 2.13) |
| ≥30.0 | 2785 (16.4) | 3880 (15.9) | 434 (11.2) | 3.17 (2.76 to 3.64) | 3.10 (2.69 to 3.57) |
| Moderate/vigorous intensity exercise (min/week) | |||||
| 0 | 1009 (6.0) | 1320 (5.4) | 120 (9.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1-149 | 10 096 (59.6) | 14 430 (59.4) | 824 (5.7) | 0.73 (0.61 to 0.88) | 0.74 (0.61 to 0.89) |
| 150-299 | 3659 (21.6) | 5293 (21.8) | 197 (3.7) | 0.58 (0.46 to 0.73) | 0.58 (0.46 to 0.74) |
| ≥300 | 2181 (12.8) | 3246 (13.4) | 141 (4.3) | 0.72 (0.56 to 0.92) | 0.73 (0.57 to 0.94) |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never smoker | 11 737 (69.3) | 17 068 (70.3) | 847 (5.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Former smoker | 4197 (24.7) | 5916 (24.3) | 332 (5.6) | 1.18 (1.03 to 1.35) | 1.16 (1.01 to 1.33) |
| Current smoker | 1011 (6.0) | 1305 (5.4) | 103 (7.9) | 1.62 (1.30 to 2.02) | 1.55 (1.25 to 1.92) |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | |||||
| 0 | 5492 (32.4) | 7842 (32.3) | 508 (6.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1.0-4.9 | 7194 (42.5) | 10 219 (42.1) | 525 (5.1) | 0.88 (0.77 to 0.99) | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.01) |
| 5.0-14.9 | 3253 (19.2) | 4704 (19.4) | 194 (4.1) | 0.78 (0.66 to 0.94) | 0.80 (0.67 to 0.96) |
| ≥15.0 | 1006 (5.9) | 1524 (6.2) | 55 (3.6) | 0.68 (0.49 to 0.95) | 0.70 (0.50 to 0.97) |
Model 1 adjusted for mother’s age at baseline (in 5-year categories), offspring sex (boy/girl), and other lifestyle factors included in the table; model 2 additionally adjusted for race/ethnicity (white, yes/no), chronic diseases (prevalent diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer), living status (with spouse/partner or not), household income (<US$50 000, $50 000-$99 999, ≥$100 000; US$1=£0.75, €0.85), and educational attainment of spouse/partner (high school, college, graduate school).