Table 5.
Risk of obesity in offspring according to combination of maternal lifestyle and offspring lifestyle
| Maternal lifestyle | Offspring lifestyle | Diet | Physical activity | Sedentary time | Dining behaviors | Three low risk factors combined (diet, physical activity, and sedentary time) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (%) | RR (95% CI) | No (%) | RR (95% CI) | No (%) | RR (95% CI) | No (%) | RR (95% CI) | No (%) | RR (95% CI) | ||||||
| High risk | High risk | 6412 (26.4) | 1 (reference) | 6276 (25.8) | 1 (reference) | 6465 (26.6) | 1 (reference) | 8069 (33.2) | 1 (reference) | 9017 (37.1) | 1 (reference) | ||||
| High risk | Low risk | 2890 (11.9) | 1.05 (0.88 to 1.26) | 3026 (12.5) | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.29) | 2837 (11.7) | 0.35 (0.28 to 0.44) | 1233 (5.1) | 0.92 (0.73 to 1.16) | 285 (1.2) | 0.51 (0.26 to 1.01) | ||||
| Low risk | High risk | 8199 (33.7) | 0.55 (0.48 to 0.64) | 9794 (40.3) | 0.53 (0.45 to 0.62) | 9672 (39.8) | 0.56 (0.49 to 0.65) | 11834 (48.7) | 0.54 (0.46 to 0.62) | 14 182 (58.4) | 0.55 (0.48 to 0.63) | ||||
| Low risk | Low risk | 6788 (28.0) | 0.54 (0.44 to 0.67) | 5193 (21.4) | 0.59 (0.49 to 0.71) | 5315 (21.9) | 0.19 (0.14 to 0.25) | 3153 (13.0) | 0.52 (0.41 to 0.65) | 805 (3.3) | 0.18 (0.09 to 0.37) | ||||
RR=relative risk.
Adjusted for mother’s age at baseline (in 5-year categories), race/ethnicity (white, others), chronic diseases (prevalence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer), living status (with spouse/partner or not), household income (<US$50 000, $50 000-$99 999, ≥$100 000; US$1=£0.75, €0.85), and educational attainment of spouse/partner (high school, college, graduate school); and offspring factors, including sex (boy, girl) and calories intake (kcal/day, categorized in tenths). Mothers in the study were categorized into low risk and high risk groups, based on the number of low risk factors they adhered (low risk=women who adhered to 3-5 low risk lifestyle factors; high risk=women who adhered to 0-2 low risk lifestyle factors. In offspring, the low risk and high risk categories were defined for each lifestyle factor (low risk=top 40% of Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 diet score; top third for physical activities; bottom third of sedentary time; and eating breakfast every day of the week and not eating ready-made dinners or fried foods at home or elsewhere for dining behaviors; high risk=remainder of each offspring lifestyle factor).