Table 2.
Antioxidant and pancreatic lipase inhibition activity of Palestinian plants used in Traditional Arabic Palestinian Herbal Medicine (TAPHM).
| Scientific name (Family) | Common name | Plant part | Arabic name | Antioxidant capacity | Lipase inhibition | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPPH | Reducing Power | |||||||||
| % Inhibition (1mg/ml) | IC50 (mg/ml) | AAI | ABS-700 nm | EC50 (mg/ml) | % Inhibition (5mg/ml) | IC50 (mg/ml) | ||||
| Camellia sinensis (L) Kuntze (Theaceae) | Tea | LE | Shai | 86.2±4.1 | 0.10±0.00 | 1±0.02 | 2.26±0.1 | 0.11±0.0 | 99.0±1.5 | 0.45±0.2 |
| Ceratonia siliqua L. (Caesalpiniaceae) | Carob | LE | Kharrob | 91.2±3.1 | 0.04±0.00 | 2.63±0.1 | 2.6±0.1 | 0.05±0.1 | 95.4±8.0 | 0.76±0.4 |
| Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) | Turmeric | RZ | Kurkum | 79.5±0.9 | 0.39±0.10 | 0.26±0.05 | 0.87±0.03 | 0.59±0.1 | 97.4±0.8 | 0.82±0.3 |
| Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach. (Rosaceae) | Shrubby Barnet | AP | Natesh | 68.2±7.7 | 0.02±0.01 | 4.08±0.9 | 2.56±0.03 | 0.04±0.0 | 95.3±15.0 | 1.17±0.2 |
| Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) | Peppermint | AP | Na'na' | 74.0±0.2 | 0.21±0.03 | 0.47±0.05 | 2.04±0.03 | 0.15±0.02 | 92.5±2.0 | 1.19±1.0 |
| Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae) | Sicilian Sumac | LE | Summaq | 95.1±3. | 0.02±0.01 | 4.67±0.1 | 2.61±0.03 | 0.005±0.0 | 95.1±7.6 | 1.24±0.2 |
| Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter (Asteraceae) | Inula | AP | Irq tayyon | 86.5±0. | 0.11±0.01 | 0.94±0.1 | 2.33±0.1 | 0.13±0.01 | 78.5±14.8 | 1.28±0.3 |
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) | Rosemary | AP | Hasalban | 89.9±0.5 | 0.09±0.02 | 1.11±0.3 | 2.28±0.08 | 0.16±0.01 | 94.9±4.1 | 1.31±0.6 |
| Eruca sativa Miller (Brassicaceae) | Garden Rocket | AP | Jarjeer | 21.7±0.5 | NA∗∗ | NA | 0.8±0.03 | NA | 74.9±2.6 | 1.45±0.3 |
| Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae) | Narrow-Leaved Oleaster | LE | Zaizafon | 51.9±1.8 | NA | NA | 0.46±0.1 | NA | 96.8±2.2 | 1.51±0.2 |
| Teucrium capitatum L. (T. polium L.) (Lamiaceae) | Cat Thyme | AP | Je'det Alsobian | 85.3±6.1 | 0.12±0.01 | 0.82±0.1 | 1.66±0.02 | 0.41±0.01 | 79.2±14.5 | 1.65±0.5 |
| Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Reichb. (Lamiaceae) | Capitate Thyme | LE | Za'tar Farsi | 88.0±0.2 | 0.07±0.01 | 1.39±0.2 | 2.43±0.02 | 0.14±0.01 | 78.1±22.2 | 1.92±0.1 |
| Malva sylvestris L. (Malvaceae) | Common Mallow | AP | Khubeizeh | 21.3±1.2 | NA | NA | 0.37±0.01 | NA | 72.7±5.6 | 1.97±0.9 |
| Ziziphus sativa Gaertn. (Rhamnaceae) | Jujube | LE | Inab | 84.9±0.2 | 0.10±0.01 | 0.96±0.1 | 1.87±0.4 | 0.18±0.1 | 84.0±8.1 | 1.99±0.8 |
| Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) | Pomegranate | HS | Rumman | 78.7±3.30 | 0.05±0.01 | 2.04±0.4 | 2.62±0.01 | 0.03±0.0 | 92.5±5.8 | 2±0.2 |
| Cassia senna L. (Fabaceae) | Senna | LE | Sanamaki | 31.2±0.12 | NA | NA | 0.47±0.02 | NA | 81.8±12.8 | 2.32±0.5 |
| Citrus limon (L.) Burm. Fil (Rutaceae) | Lime, Limon Tree | LE | Laimoun | 84.7±2.10 | 0.43±0.10 | 0.23±0.03 | 0.52±0.06 | 1.19±0.02 | 82.2±10.8 | 2.46±0.2 |
| Cynara scolymus L. (Asteraceae) | Artichoke | FR | Kharshouf | 3.8±0.51 | NA | NA | 0.13±0.01 | NA | 73.5±1.7 | 2.68±0.2 |
| Crataegus aronia (L.) Bosc. ex DC. (Rosaceae) | Hawthorn | LE | Za'rour Sha'ek | 85.0±0.31 | 0.51±0.06 | 0.2±0.1 | 0.73±0.03 | 0.71±0.02 | 72.7±8.9 | 2.73±0.04 |
| Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) | Purslane | SD | Baqleh | 88.9±0.71 | 0.41±0.08 | 0.25±0.03 | 1.28±0.01 | 0.33±0.01 | 72.2±4.8 | 2.77±0.6 |
| Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae) | Walnut | LE | Jouz | 82.2±3.22 | 0.14±0.04 | 0.71±0.2 | 1.68±0.03 | 0.39±0.03 | 69.1±8.3 | 2.81±0.2 |
| Arum palaestinum Boiss. (Araceae) | Palestinian Arum | LE | Lufe | 83.8±0.58 | 0.49±0.03 | 0.2±0.0 | 0.67±0.01 | 0.77±0.00 | 76.5±9.2 | 2.88±0.8 |
| Quercus calliprinos Webb (Fagaceae) | Kermes Oak | LE | Sendian | 76.1±3.20 | 0.08±0.06 | 1.23±1.5 | 2.66±0.01 | 0.05±0 | 71.2±9.7 | 2.88±0.1 |
| Cichorium pumilum Jacq. (Asteraceae) | Dwarf Chicory | LE | Hindba' | 82.7±1.60 | 0.6±0.07 | 0.17±0.03 | 0.79±0.01 | 0.7±0.02 | 71.3±10.2 | 2.94±0.8 |
| Foeniculum vulgare Miller (Apiaceae ) | Fennel | LE | Shoumer | 74.9±0.7 | 0.37±0.03 | 0.27±0.1 | 0.74±0.02 | 0.69±0.01 | 83.2±8.5 | 3.01±0.2 |
| Cuminum cyminum L. (Apiaceae ) | Cumin | SD | Kamoon | 45.0±0.5 | NA | NA | 0.46±0.01 | NA | 72.9±5.2 | 3.01±0.0 |
| Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. (Rhamnaceae) | Christ's Thorn Jujube | LE | Seder | 86.2±2.6 | 0.12±0.02 | 0.82±0.2 | 1.51±0.13 | 0.4±0.02 | 70.1±6.9 | 3.11±0.1 |
| Cynara scolymus L. (Asteraceae) | Artichoke | FR | Kharshouf | 8.1±0.2 | NA | NA | 0.17±0.03 | NA | 75.7±2.4 | 3.16±0.5 |
| Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) | Purslane | AP | Baqleh | 82.9±0.9 | 0.53±0.07 | 0.19±0.01 | 1.21±0.02 | 0.46±0.00 | 72.9±11.8 | 3.21±0.3 |
| Satureja thymbra L. (Lamiaceae) | Summer Savory | AP | Za'tar | 82.9±2.8 | 0.34±0.29 | 0.29±0.4 | 1.93±0.09 | 0.18±0.01 | 60.9±9.5 | 3.31±0.1 |
| Ceratonia siliqua L. (Caesalpiniaceae) | Carob | SD | Kharrob |
89.0±1.4 | 0.60±0.02 | 0.17±0.01 | 1.42±0.11 | 0.35±0.03 | 68.7±6.2 | 3.3±0.4 |
| Alchemilla xanthochlora Rothm. (Alchemilla vulgaris auct.) (Rosaceae) | Lion's Foot, Lady's – Mantle | LE | Rijl Alasad, Kaf Alasad | 19.0±0.23 | NA | NA | 0.43±0.01 | Na | 77.4±19.1 | 3.36±0.1 |
| Salvia fruticosa Mill. (Lamiaceae) | white sage, Common Sage, Garden Sage | AP | Maryemeyeh | 91.0±0.6 | 0.13±0.00 | 0.76±0.02 | 1.51±0 | 0.32±0.1 | 65.8±2.1 | 3.45±0.4 |
| Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) | Guava | LE | Guava | 69.6±0.2 | 0.09±0.01 | 1.11±0.1 | 2.29±0.02 | 0.12±0.02 | 55.4±2.8 | 3.47±1.6 |
| Trigonella berythea Boiss. & Blanche(T. foenum- graecum L.) (Fabaceae) | Fenugreek Seed | SD | Hilbeh | 60.2±7.6 | 1.02±0.04 | 0.1±0.0 | 0.22±0.01 | 63.8±5.3 | 3.67±0.1 | |
| Paronychia argentea Lam. (Caryophyllaceae) | Silvery Whitlow- Wart | AP | Rijl Alhamameh | 78.7±0.7 | 0.38±0.02 | 0.26±0.1 | 1.05±0.01 | 0.43±0.01 | 68.4±17.1 | 4.23±1.1 |
| Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) | Fig Tree | LE | Teen | 82.2±0.3 | 0.29±0.00 | 0.34±0.0 | 0.71±0.02 | 0.88±0.09 | 49.5±7.9 | NA |
| Capparis spinosa L. (Capparaceae) | Caper Bush, Egyptian Caper | LE | Kappar | 90.47±4.0 | 0.24±0.15 | 0.42±0.3 | 1.09±0.02 | 0.52±0.07 | 49.0±7.7 | NA |
| Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) | Nightshade | AP | Samweh | 83.0±4.0 | 0.44±0.02 | 0.23±0.01 | 0.78±0.13 | 0.8±0 | 46.3±4.5 | NA |
| Origanum majorana L. (Lamiaceae) | Sweet-Marjoram | AP | Mardaqoush | 82.1±0.1 | 0.23±0.12 | 0.44±0.3 | 2.06±0.02 | 0.26±0.02 | 46.1±5.6 | NA |
| Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae) | Spurge | AP | Halabloub | 90.5±4.7 | 0.33±0.08 | 0.3±0.1 | 0.85±0.02 | 0.59±0.02 | 45.8±2.8 | NA |
| Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. (Myrtaceae) | Red River Gum | LE | Kina | 87.9±4 | 0.09±0.03 | 1.11±0.4 | 2.37±0.02 | 0.15±0.01 | 44.3±5.4 | NA |
| Origanum syriacum L. (Lamiaceae) | Wild Thyme, Mother of Thyme | AP | Za'tar bari | 81.4±1.8 | 0.3±0.08 | 0.33±0.1 | 1.02±0.03 | 0.57±0.02 | 41.5±1.6 | NA |
| Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume. (Lauraceae) | Cinnamon Tree | BRK | Qerfeh | 86.4±1.9 | 0.06±0.02 | 1.54±0.4 | 2±0.18 | 0.24±0.02 | 40.5±8.6 | NA |
| Matricaria aurea (L.) Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae) | Golden Cotula | AP | Babounej | 75.1±14.6 | 0.39±0.06 | 0.26±0.04 | 0.82±0.02 | 0.69±0.09 | 38.5±2.7 | NA |
| Nigella ciliaris DC. (Ranunculaceae) | Nigella, Black Cumin | SD | Qezha | 34.4±9.0 | NA | NA | 0.19±0.03 | NA | 38.4±3.2 | NA |
| Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and Perry. (Myrtaceae) | Clove | FLW | Kabsh Koronful | 80.2±2.3 | 0.15±0.01 | 0.65±0.04 | 2.46±0.06 | 0.09±0.01 | 37.1±0.9 | NA |
| Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) | Olive | LE | Zaitoun | 91.1±2.5 | 0.29±0.02 | 0.35±0.02 | 1.02±0.05 | 0.54±0.04 | 36.8±1.3 | NA |
| Pimpinella anisum L. (Apiaceae ) | Anise | SD | Yansoon | 83.3±4.0 | 0.47±0.01 | 0.21±0.0 | 0.63±0.04 | 1.06±0.12 | 35.4±2.0 | NA |
| Pinus halepensis Mill. (Pinaceae) | Aleppo Pine | AP | Sonawabar halabi | 46.5±7.7 | NA | NA | 0.48±0.06 | NA | 32.5±6.1 | NA |
| Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) | Passion flower | LE | Pasiflora | 79.2±6.0 | 0.74±0.04 | 0.13±0.01 | 0.53±0.24 | 1.6±0.61 | 32.3±2.8 | NA |
| Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae) | Common Myrtle | LE | Habaq | 81.1±0.5 | 0.17±0.01 | 0.59±0.02 | 1.92±0.24 | 0.25±0.02 | 30.2±0.1 | NA |
| Pistacia palaestina Boiss. (Anacardiaceae) | Palestinian pistachio, Terebinth | LE | Botom Falastini | 89.98±1.1 | 0.17±0.02 | 0.57±0.1 | 1.37±0.12 | 0.32±0 | 29.0±0.2 | NA |
| Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb (Fabaceae) | Retama, White Broom | AP | Retem | 70.4±4.9 | 0.4±0.06 | 0.23±0.03 | 0.48±0.16 | NA | 28.6±3.9 | NA |
| Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae) | Sicilian Sumac | EPC | Summaq | 92.8±1.3 | 0.02±0.01 | 4.37±1.32 | 2.66±0.06 | 0.06±0 | 25.5±3.2 | NA |
| Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae) | Sicilian Sumac | SD | Summaq | 30.2±2.2 | NA | NA | 0.46±0.18 | NA | 23.4±2.3 | NA |
| Lepidium sativum L. | Cress | SD | Rashad | 92.2±0.7 | 0.60±0.08 | 0.18±0.03 | 0.65±0.21 | 0.94±0.06 | 22.9±2.6 | NA |
| Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) | Laurel, Sweet Bay | LE | Ghar | 85.9±0.5 | 0.50±0.01 | 0.2±0.0 | 0.73±0.05 | 0.82±0.07 | 22.5±2.6 | NA |
| Varthemia iphionoides Boiss & Blanche (Chiliadenus iphionoides) (Asteraceae) | Common Varthemia | AP | Kteileh | 84.6±0.9 | 0.40±0.01 | 0.2±0.0 | 1.12±0.01 | 0.4±0.03 | 20.6±5.4 | NA |
| Capparis spinosa L. (Capparaceae) | Caper Bush, Egyptian Caper | FR | Kappar | 20.1±0.2 | NA | NA | 0.43±0.13 | NA | 19.9±19.6 | NA |
| Lupinus albus L.(Fabaceae) | Lupine | SD | Tormous Mor | 16.2±4.1 | NA | NA | 0.06±0.01 | NA | 19.9±6.8 | NA |
| Ceratonia siliqua L. (Caesalpiniaceae) | Carob | FR | Kharrob | 27.0±0.6 | NA | NA | 0.28±0.17 | NA | 17.5±2.5 | NA |
| Ruta chalepensis L. (Rutaceae) | Rue | AP | Figan | 73.8±0.4 | 0.34±0.24 | 0.29±0.28 | 0.35±0.1 | NA | 17.1±2.5 | NA |
| Zingiber officinale Rose. (Zingiberaceae) | Ginger | RZ | Zanjabeel | 79.0±7.8 | 0.77±0.00 | 0.13±0.0 | 0.45±0.01 | NA | 16.7±7.6 | NA |
| Foeniculum vulgare Miller (Apiaceae ) | Fennel | SD | Shoumer | 87.0±0.6 | 0.45±0.00 | 0.22±0.0 | 0.75±0.22 | 0.87±0.08 | 16.5±1.2 | NA |
| Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) | Mulberry | FR | Toot | 69.4±14.3 | 1.47±0.35 | 0.1±0.02 | 0.18±0.01 | NA | 16.1±2.3 | NA |
| Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae) | Narrow-Leaved Oleaster | FR | Zaizafon | 8.6±0.8 | NA | NA | 0.17±0.01 | NA | 15.7±2.4 | NA |
| Cupressus sempervirens L. (Cupressaceae) | Cypress | LE | Saro | 91.48±1.2 | 0.26±0.02 | 0.4±0.03 | 1.5±0.02 | 0.33±0.01 | 15.2±1.0 | NA |
| Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae) | Tree Of Life | LE | Afs | 82.0±7.1 | 0.33±0.11 | 0.3±0.1 | 0.75±0.23 | 0.58±0.02 | 14.3±11.5 | NA |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) | Common Bean | SD | Fasolia' | 25.0±2.7 | NA | NA | 0.32±0.04 | NA | 13.7±1.1 | NA |
| Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae) | Cucumber | FR | Khiar | 1.0±0.0 | NA | NA | 0.07±0.00 | NA | 13.5±2.0 | NA |
| Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) | Pomegranate | SD | Rumman | 42.9±0.2 | NA | NA | 0.19±0.01 | NA | 12.4±2.7 | NA |
| Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. (Apiaceae ) | Parsley | AP | Baqdounes | 27.7±0.3 | NA | NA | 0.12±0.01 | NA | 12.4±0.7 | NA |
| Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai (Cucurbitaceae) | Watermelon | FR | Bateekh | 2.8±0.32 | NA | NA | 0.04±0.00 | NA | 11.6±0.5 | NA |
| Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. (Brassicaceae) | Cauliflower | FR | Qernabeet | 2.0±0.8 | NA | NA | 0.22±0.05 | NA | 11.2±1.1 | NA |
| Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. (Brassicaceae) | Cauliflower | FR | Qernabeet | 2.0±0.8 | NA | NA | 0.22±0.05 | NA | 11.2±1.1 | NA |
| Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (Xanthorrhoeaceae) | Aloe | LE | Sabrah murrah | 31.9±12.0 | NA | NA | 0.18±0.03 | NA | 10.1±0.9 | NA |
| Rubus sanctus Schreb. (Rosaceae) | Blackberry | LE | Oliq | 88.1±4.6 | 0.4±0.16 | 0.24±0.1 | 0.49±0.01 | NA | 10.1±2.8 | NA |
| Cichorium pumilum Jacq. (Asteraceae) | Dwarf Chicory | RT | Hindba' | 4.9±0.2 | NA | NA | 0.13±0.01 | NA | 10.1±0..0 | NA |
| Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae ) | Coriander | SD | Kozbareh | 85.9±5.6 | 0.6±0.02 | 0.16±0.01 | 0.42±0.16 | NA | 9.7±2.2 | NA |
| Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae) | Sesame | SD | Semsem | 11.0±3.2 | NA | NA | 0.11±0 | NA | 9.5±7.4 | NA |
| Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae) | Lettuce | AP | Khass | 28.6±6 | NA | NA | 0.18±0.04 | NA | 7.4±0.4 | NA |
| Brassica oleracea L. (Brassicaceae) | Wild Cabbage | AP | Malfouf | 40.0±10.9 | NA | NA | 0.27±0.06 | NA | 6.3±5.4 | NA |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae) | Roselle | FLW | Karkadaih | 89.1±5.1 | 0.5±0.05 | 0.19±0.02 | 0.62±0.07 | 0.98±0.1 | 6.3±0.4 | NA |
| Citrus paradisi Macfad. (Rutaceae) | Grapefruit | FR | Laimoon Aljeneh | 2.5±0.3 | NA | NA | 0.1±0.01 | NA | 4.4±0.2 | NA |
| Allium cepa L. (Amaryllidaceae) | Onions | FLE | Basal | 18.0±8.1 | NA | NA | 0.1±0.02 | NA | 2.5±1.6 | NA |
| Citrus limon (L.) Burm. Fil (Rutaceae) | Limon Tree | FR | Laimoun | 52.5±0.9 | 3.6±1.9 | 0.03±0.02 | 0.4±0.06 | NA | 2.3±1.2 | NA |
|
Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) |
Grape | FR | Inab | 87.5±0.1 | 0.5±0.0 | 0.2±0.00 | 1.1±0.08 | 0.34±0.1 | 2.0±1.6 | NA |
| Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae) | Garlic | GLV | Thoum | 3.1±5.2 | NA | NA | 0.1±0.04 | NA | 2.0±0.2 | NA |
|
Pyrus malus L. (Rosaceae) |
Apple | FR | Tuffah | 26.1±7.6 | NA | NA | 0.1±0.07 | NA | 1.7±2.4 | NA |
| Orlistat (200 ug/ml) | 92±0.2 | 0.1±0.0 | ||||||||
| Ascorbic acid (100ug/ml) | 89.2±0 | 0.03±0.0 | 3.9±0.01 | 1.5±0.08 | 0.06±0.02 | |||||
| BHT (100ug/ml) | 93.4±0.57 | 0.03±0.0 | 3.2±0.51 | 0.8±0.05 | 0.06±0.00 | |||||
∗RZ: rhizome; HS: husk; AP: aerial parts; LE: leave; FR: fruits; SD: seeds; BRK: bark; FLW: flowers; EPC: epicarp; RT: roots; FLE: fleshy leaves; GLV: gloves. ∗∗NA: not applicable.