Table 1. Recent Randomized, Controlled Trials (Except for Dapagliflozin Was Real World Evidence) With Noninsulin Glucose-Lowering Drugs Showing Improvement of Cardiovascular Outcomes.
| Clinical variable | Empagliflozin | Canagliflozin | Dapagliflozin | Liraglutide | Semaglutide | Pioglitazone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CV death | Reduced | Reduced | Neutral* | Reduced | Neutral | NA |
| Nonfatal MI | Neutral | Reduced | Neutral | Neutral | Neutral | Neutral |
| Nonfatal stroke | Neutral | Reduced | NA | Neutral | Reduced | Neutral |
| 3-point MACE | Reduced | Reduced | Reduced* | Reduced | Neutral | Reduced |
| All-cause mortality | Reduced | Reduced | Reduced* | Reduced | Neutral | Neutral |
| Hospitalization for heart failure | Reduced | Reduced | Reduced* | Neutral | Neutral | Neutral |
| New or worsening nephropathy | Reduced | Reduced | NA | Reduced | NA | NA |
| Retinopathy | NA | NA | NA | NA | Increased | NA |
| Adverse events | ||||||
| Bone fractures | Neutral | Increased | Neutral | NA | NA | Increased |
| Hypophosphatemia | Neutral | Increased | Increased | NA | NA | NA |
| Bone density changes | Neutral | Increased | Neutral | NA | NA | Reduced |
| Limp amputation | Neutral | Increased | Neutral | NA | NA | NA |
| DKA | Increased | Increased | Increased | NA | NA | NA |
| Genital infections | Increased | Increased | Increased | NA | NA | NA |
*Evidence from CVD real studies and not from CVOT-directed RCTs.