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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Mol Mutagen. 2018 Feb 21;59(5):438–460. doi: 10.1002/em.22176

Table 4. Paracrine regulatory systems that have been reported to affect the DNA damage response and/or skin carcinogenesis.

The indicated paracrine system is listed along with known regulatory targets in the DNA damage response.

Regulatory System Target(s) References
Melanocortin/MC1R NER (ATR and XPA) Abdel-Malek 2009; Bohm 2005; Hauser 2006; Jarrett 2014, 2015; Kadekaro 2010; Song 2009; Swope 2014
Endothelin/ETBR NER (XPC) Hosoda 1994; Kadekaro 2005; von Koschembahr 2015
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1/IGF-1R NER (XPC, XPB, XPF) Lewis 2010; Loesch 2016; Fernandez 2016; Kemp 2017
ATR kinase signaling
Circadian Clock NER (XPA) Gaddemeedhi 2011, 2015; Geyfman 2012; Wang 2017; Guo 2016; Manzella 2015
BER (OGG1)
ATR kinase signaling