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. 2018 Jul 4;8:10138. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28356-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mechanisms of dosage compensation maintain female to male expression balance for the majority of genes on the X chromosome. (A) Principal component analysis (PCA) of gene expression using RNA-seq data from all chromosomes, autosomes, chromosome 3, and chromosome X. Each point represents a liver sample (n = 5 mice per group) with color indicating sex and shape indicating strain. Percent of variance for each principal component (PC1, PC2) is indicated on the axes. (B) Volcano plots depicting sex-specific differential expression of genes on all chromosomes, autosomes, chromosome 3, and chromosome X for C3 mice. Significant genes (adjusted P-value < 0.001; |log2 fold change >0.5|) are colored by direction of fold change (Red, female-bias; Blue, male-bias). For visualization purposes, adjusted P-values less than 1.0e-30 were set to 1.0e-30, log2 fold change <−3 were set to −3, and log2 fold change >3 were set to 3. Overlapping points are visualized using sunflower petals. Female-specific Xist (chromosome X) and male-specific Ddx3y (chromosome Y) are labeled. (C) Barplots depicting the percent of female- (red) and male-biased (blue) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on all chromosomes, autosomes, chromosome 3, and chromosome X. The absolute number of DEGs is indicated on each bar. ChrX, chromosome X; Chr3, chromosome 3.