Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study subjects.
| C group (n=28) | D group (n=30) | D+Exgroup (n=27) | p value across all groups | p value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C vs. D | C vs. D+Ex | ||||||
| Age (year) | 43.4±14.5 | 43.0±13.5 | 49.1±10.1 | 0.145 | 0.993 | 0.228 | |
| Male | 21 (75) | 20 (66.7) | 25 (92.6) | 0.124 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6±2.5 | 25.7±4.3 | 26.8±3.0 | 0.054 | 0.39 | 0.042 | |
| Waist (cm) | 88.4±7.0 | 91.3±11.2 | 94.7±7.3 | 0.032 | 0.419 | 0.024 | |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 13.7±3.2 | 12.9±3.1 | 14.1±2.9 | 0.346 | 0.561 | 0.34 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9±0.2 | 0.8±0.1 | 0.9±0.1 | 0.026 | 0.299 | 0.426 | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 94.8±15.4 | 97.8±12.7 | 89.9±15.6 | 0.125 | 0.717 | 0.423 | |
| Na (mmol/L) | 141.6±1.6 | 141.8±1.8 | 140.9±1.6 | 0.126 | 0.933 | 0.262 | |
| K (mmol/L) | 4.5±0.4 | 4.4±0.3 | 4.4±0.3 | 0.421 | 0.886 | 0.397 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 181.4±28.1 | 190.7±40.1 | 193±34.6 | 0.418 | 0.564 | 0.429 | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 100.6±28.4 | 115.9±30.8 | 110.7±35.6 | 0.184 | 0.07 | 0.244 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49.4±15.9 | 50.6±13.7 | 44.9±10.5 | 0.259 | 0.941 | 0.436 | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 126.9±80.8 | 120.8±62.0 | 213.2±256.5 | 0.053 | 0.988 | 0.107 | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 98.4±13.0 | 97.7±9.6 | 102.3±13.9 | 0.324 | 0.975 | 0.466 | |
| Office BP (mmHg) | |||||||
| SBP | 134.5±10.0 | 135.3±11.8 | 139.3±13.2 | 0.272 | 0.963 | 0.288 | |
| DBP | 86.0±7.8 | 86.7±9.2 | 88.7±7.3 | 0.443 | 0.932 | 0.431 | |
| ABPM (mmHg) | |||||||
| 24-hour SBP | 131.8±8.1 | 133.6±11.2 | 135.2±9.4 | 0.198 | 0.707 | 0.333 | |
| 24-hour DBP | 82.3±6.0 | 83.0±6.8 | 85.3±6.3 | 0.082 | 0.876 | 0.146 | |
| Daytime SBP | 137.4±7.4 | 139.4±10.5 | 140.6±10.9 | 0.224 | 0.668 | 0.373 | |
| Daytime DBP | 86.3±5.5 | 87.7±7.6 | 90.3±8.0 | 0.04 | 0.667 | 0.075 | |
| Nighttime SBP | 117.8±13.4 | 120.5±15.1 | 121.1±12.0 | 0.363 | 0.674 | 0.567 | |
| Nighttime DBP | 72.9±8.9 | 72.3±7.4 | 75.0±7.3 | 0.312 | 0.954 | 0.488 | |
Data are presented as mean±SD or number (%). Continuous variables were compared with one-way ANOVA. Categorical variables were compared with linear-by-linear association test.
ABPM = ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; ANOVA = analysis of variance; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; C group = advice-only comparison group; D group = diet education group; D+Ex group = diet and exercise education group; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; HSD = honest significant difference; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SD = standard deviation.
*Tukey HSD.