Table 4. Variables related to exercise capacity at baseline and at 8 weeks by randomization group.

			C group (n=28)	D group (n=30)	D+Ex group (n=27)	p value across all groups	p value*
							C vs. D	C vs. D+Ex
Cardiopulmonary fitness test
	VO2 peak (mL/kg/min)
		Baseline	33.0±5.9	30.5±6.5	32.0±5.3	0.282	0.255	0.809
		At 8 weeks	34.6±6.0	31.5±5.4	32.8±5.5	0.124	0.104	0.651
		Change	1.6±3.6†	1.0±6.0	0.8±3.2	0.792	0.868	0.793
	Metabolic equivalents
		Baseline	9.5±1.8	8.9±1.4	9.1±1.6	0.354	0.336	0.602
		At 8 weeks	9.9±1.7	9.0±1.5	9.4±1.6	0.128	0.107	0.494
		Change	0.4±1.3	0.1±1.2	0.3±1.0	0.656	0.644	0.964
	VE/VCO2 slope
		Baseline	27.2±3.4	26.9±5.2	26.2±5.8	0.767	0.978	0.758
		At 8 weeks	27.7±3.7	27.7±2.8	27.6±2.4	0.994	0.998	0.994
		Change	1.2±3.3	0.1±3.7	1.4±6.5	0.594	0.696	0.992
	Step test (heart rate at recovery)
		Baseline	89.7±12.6	90.7±17.3	89.3±11.3	0.929	0.959	0.995
		At 8 weeks	87.3±14.8	89.2±15.7	83.5±9.1	0.295	0.86	0.563
		Change	−2.4±11.7	−1.5±12.4	−5.8±9.6†	0.339	0.955	0.508
Muscle strength test
	Push up (/min)
		Baseline	17.6±12.4	19.9±20.8	19.1±13.9	0.864	0.854	0.941
		At 8 weeks	19.5±13.5	20.0±20.8	24.5±18.1	0.656	0.995	0.679
		Change	1.9±3.9†	0.1±5.8	5.4±6.7†	0.002	0.427	0.06
	Hand grip (kg)
		Baseline	34.9±8.7	33.2±8.8	38±9.8	0.14	0.752	0.424
		At 8 weeks	34.5±10.0	33.2±11.0	40.2±10.2	0.032	0.879	0.112
		Change	−0.4±3.5	0.0±8.3	2.2±3.4†	0.186	0.962	0.205

Data are presented as mean±SD. Continuous variables were compared with one-way ANOVA.

ANOVA = analysis of variance; C group = advice-only comparison group; D group = diet education group; D+Ex group = diet and exercise education group; SD = standard deviation; VO₂ peak = maximal amount of oxygen; VE/VCO₂ = ventilatory equivalent ratio for carbon dioxide.

^*Tukey HSD; ^†p<0.05 for change between baseline and at 8 weeks determined by paired t-test.