Table 1. Comparison of demographics and clinical factors based on the presence or absence of vitamin D deficiency.
| Characteristic | Total (n=157) | Migraineurs with vitamin D deficiency (n=121)* | Migraineurs without vitamin D deficiency (n=36) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years | 36.9±8.6 | 36.8±0.1 | 37.6±7.5 | 0.593 |
| Females | 118 (75.2) | 94 (79.7) | 24 (66.7) | 0.179 |
| Season | 0.008 | |||
| Spring | 46 (29.3) | 41 (33.9) | 5 (13.9) | |
| Summer | 29 (18.5) | 21 (17.4) | 8 (22.2) | |
| Autumn | 47 (29.9) | 29 (24.0) | 18 (50.0) | |
| Winter | 35 (22.3) | 30 (24.8) | 5 (13.9) | |
| ICHD-3 classification | 0.406 | |||
| Migraine without aura | 114 (72.6) | 89 (73.6) | 25 (69.4) | |
| Migraine with aura | 8 (5.1) | 5 (4.1) | 3 (8.3) | |
| Chronic migraine | 31 (19.7) | 25 (20.7) | 6 (16.7) | |
| Probable migraine | 4 (2.5) | 2 (1.7) | 2 (5.6) | |
| Headache characteristics | ||||
| Monthly days with headache | 9.0±7.4 | 9.5±7.8 | 7.3±5.9 | 0.073 |
| Attack duration, hours | 39.5±49.3 | 40.9±53.1 | 34.6±33.3 | 0.753 |
| Medication, days/month | 4.6±6.3 | 5.0±6.9 | 3.5±3.3 | 0.712 |
| VAS score | 7.0±1.7 | 7.1±1.8 | 6.8±1.7 | 0.242 |
| Accompanying problems | ||||
| HIT-6 score | 61.2±7.3 | 61.5±7.6 | 60.6±6.8 | 0.554 |
| PHQ-9 score | 7.2±5.1 | 7.4±5.2 | 6.7±4.7 | 0.552 |
| GAD-7 score | 6.1±5.1 | 6.4±5.3 | 5.1±4.6 | 0.27 |
| PSQI | 8.7±3.8 | 9.0±3.8 | 8.1±4.3 | 0.224 |
| Climate factors, monthly | ||||
| Temperature, ℃ | 13.6±9.7 | 12.4±9.6 | 17.6±9.2 | 0.006 |
| Relative humidity, % | 67.8±6.9 | 66.7±6.6 | 71.6±6.3 | 0.001 |
| Precipitation, mm | 78.0±76.1 | 72.7±72.6 | 95.7±85.7 | 0.113 |
| Total sunshine hours | 189.8±36.4 | 187.0±35.1 | 199.3±39.6 | 0.075 |
Data are mean±standard deviation or n (%) values.
*Vitamin D deficiency: serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/mL.
GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, HIT-6: Headache Impact Test-6, ICHD-3: third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, VAS: Visual Analog Scale.