Table 4. Comparison of demographics and clinical factors according to vitamin D deficiency in episodic migraine and chronic migraine.
| Characteristic | Episodic migraine (n=126) | Chronic migraine (n=31) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Migraineurs with vitamin D deficiency (n=96) | Migraineurs without vitamin D deficiency (n=30) | Migraineurs with vitamin D deficiency (n=25) | Migraineurs without vitamin D deficiency (n=6) | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years | 35.9±8.6 | 36.8±6.2 | 40.2±9.4 | 41.3±12.0 |
| Season | ||||
| Spring | 34 (35.4) | 4 (13.3)* | 7 (28.0) | 1 (16.7) |
| Summer | 17 (17.7) | 6 (20.0)* | 4 (16.0) | 2 (33.3) |
| Autumn | 24 (25.0) | 16 (53.3)* | 5 (20.0) | 2 (33.3) |
| Winter | 21 (21.9) | 4 (13.3)* | 9 (36.0) | 1 (16.7) |
| Headache characteristics | ||||
| Monthly days with headache | 7.0±5.7 | 6.1±5.5 | 19.3±7.0 | 13.3±4.0† |
| Attack duration, hours | 37.7±34.6 | 33.5±29.6 | 53.2±95.8 | 40.5±51.3 |
| Medication, days/month | 3.9±5.0 | 2.5±2.1 | 8.6±10.9 | 8.3±4.2 |
| VAS score | 7.1±1.6 | 6.8±1.6 | 6.9±2.2 | 6.3±1.9 |
| Accompanying problems | ||||
| HIT-6 score | 61.4±7.5 | 60.8±5.9 | 61.6±7.8 | 59.5±10.6 |
| PHQ-9 score | 7.0±5.0 | 6.7±4.5 | 8.6±5.9 | 6.5±6.2 |
| GAD-7 score | 6.2±5.0 | 4.7±3.6 | 7.2±6.1 | 6.8±8.1 |
| PSQI | 8.7±3.6 | 7.8±4.1 | 9.7±4.0 | 9.5±5.0 |
| Climate factors, monthly | ||||
| Temperature, ℃ | 13.0±9.4 | 17.9±8.9* | 10.4±10.5 | 16.0±11.7 |
| Relative humidity, % | 67.1±6.8 | 71.8±6.0* | 65.4±6.1 | 71.0±8.6† |
| Precipitation, mm | 77.1±74.1 | 95.3±81.6 | 55.9±65.2 | 97.6±113.0 |
| Total sunshine hours | 186.8±35.4 | 198.1±41.2 | 187.8±34.3 | 205.2±32.4 |
Data are mean±standard deviation or n (%) values.
*p<0.05, †p<0.1.
GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, HIT-6: Headache Impact Test-6, ICHD-3: third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, VAS: Visual Analog Scale.