Table 1.
Reprogramming strategy targeted on AMPK signaling in animal models of programmed hypertension and kidney disease.
| Animal Models | Gender/Species | Age at Evaluation | Dose and Period of Treatment | Reprogramming Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin | |||||
| SHR 1 | Male SHR | 12 weeks | Metformin (500 mg/kg/day) between 4 to 12 weeks of age | Prevented hypertension | [25] |
| Maternal high-fructose plus post-weaning high-fat diet | Male SD 2 rats | 12 weeks | Metformin (500 mg/kg/day) for 3 weeks during pregnancy | Attenuated hypertension; | [28] |
| Resveratrol and other polyphenols | |||||
| SHR | Male SHR | 11 weeks | Resveratrol (50 mg/L) in drinking water between 3–11 weeks of age | Attenuated hypertension | [55] |
| SHR | Male and female SHR | 12 weeks | Resveratrol (4g/kg of diet) between gestational day 0.5 and postnatal day 21 | Attenuated hypertension | [26] |
| SHR | Male SHR | 13 weeks | Resveratrol (50 mg/L) in drinking water between 3–13 weeks of age | Attenuated hypertension | [56] |
| Prenatal hypoxia and postnatal high-fat diet | Male SD rats | 12 weeks | Resveratrol (4g/kg of diet) between 3–12 weeks of age | Prevented hypertension | [57] |
| Maternal plus post-weaning high-fructose diets | Male SD rats | 12 weeks | Resveratrol (50 mg/L) in drinking water from weaning to three months of age | Prevented hypertension | [46] |
| Maternal plus post-weaning high-fat diets | Male SD rats | 16 weeks | 0.5% resveratrol in drinking water between 2 and 4 months of age | Prevented hypertension | [27] |
| SHR | Male SHR | 7 weeks | Magnolol (100 mg/kg/day) between 4 to 7 weeks of age | Attenuated hypertension | [58] |
| SHR | Male SHR | 20 weeks | Berberine (100 mg/kg/day) between 3 to 20 weeks of age | Attenuated hypertension and kidney damage | [59] |
| High-salt stroke-prone SHR | Male stroke-prone SHR | 16 weeks | Genistein (0.06% wt/wt diet) between 7 to 16 weeks of age | Attenuated hypertension and kidney damage | [60] |
| Thiazolidinediones | |||||
| SHR | Male SHR | 7 weeks | Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg/day) between 5 to 7 weeks of age | Attenuated hypertension | [61] |
| SHR | Male SHR | 13 weeks | Rosiglitazone (150 mg/kg/day) between 5 to 13 weeks of age | Attenuated hypertension | [62] |
1 SHR: Spontaneously hypertensive rat; 2 SD rats: Sprague–Dawley rats.