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. 2018 May 23;19(6):1556. doi: 10.3390/ijms19061556

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of isoviolanthin on the TGF-β/Smad and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways in HCC cells. (A) HepG2 and Bel-7402 cells were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 for 48 h, during which the indicated concentrations of isoviolanthin were added for the last 24 h. The expression of TGF-β/Smad pathway-related proteins, such as Smad2, p-Smad2, Smad3, and p-Smad3, was examined by Western blot analysis; (B) The expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR-pathway-related proteins, including Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, p-mTOR, P70S6K, and p-P70S6K, was examined by Western blot analysis. GAPDH was used as a loading control. Representative images and bar graphs (mean ± SD) are shown, n = 3. ** p < 0.01 versus the control group; ^## p < 0.01 versus the TGF-β1 group.