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. 2018 Jun 5;19(6):1671. doi: 10.3390/ijms19061671

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic design of smart nanocarriers triggered by miRNA and fueled by ATP. (a) Thermal-responsive regulation of the surface composition; (b) Near-infrared (NIR)-guided delivery and controlled release in vivo. I, passive accumulation at tumor sites via enhanced permeability and a retention (EPR) effect; II, specific uptake via receptor-mediated endocytosis; III, controlled release by endogenous miRNA/ATP; (c) Amplified dissociation of Y-motifs based on toehold-mediated strand displacement (TMSD) cascade reactions with miRNA as the trigger and ATP as the fuel: i, Toe1-TMSD triggered by miRNA; ii, ATP (or H⁺) recognition by aptamer; iii, Toe2-TMSD for miRNA regeneration. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [66] Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society.