Figure 5.

In vitro bioreactor: a computer senses the pressure in pressure chamber (B) by feedback via a pressure transducer (E). A computer interface establishes and maintains a specific hydrodynamic pressure by controlling a pump (A) output. A pressure valve (C) is almost completely closed to simulate bladder outlet obstruction. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium with 10% fetal bovine serum was used. The arrows indicate the flow direction. (D) Fluid reservoir. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Ltd., Chen et al. [50].