Figure 1.

Schematic diagrams of extracellular RAGE structure and activation. RAGE is a cell surface receptor that is comprised of three extracellular immunoglobulin‐like domains (a V‐type domain and two C‐type domains), a transmembrane domain (TM) and an intracellular domain (ID) that is required for signaling. (A) A ribbon diagram of the extracellular V‐C1 domains of RAGE, which form an integrated structural unit. β‐sheets are yellow, helices are purple and loops are blue and white (PDB code 303U).54 (B) Activation of RAGE by its ligands leads to recruitment and binding of the intracellular formin molecule, DIAPH1, resulting in pathological intracellular signaling that can induce oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular dysfunction and apoptosis.