Table 1.

Dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons involved in various biological functions.

Neuronal Cluster	Function	Ref.
Dopaminergic neurons
PAM	Sugar reward, reward signaling, long-term and short-term memory formation, aversive memory formation, negative geotaxis, promote wakefulness, foraging behavior, promote oviposition preference	[22,71,77,138,139,140,141]
PAL	Involved in mating drive	[142,143,144]
PPL1	Aversive memory formation, sugar reward and nutrient value, negative geotaxis, modulate sleep, Inhibit oviposition preference	[1,3,4,5,7,11,12,145]
PPM2	Protein consumption preference	[146]
PPM3	Aggression phenotype Modulate sleep, promote oviposition preference	[7,14,15,16]
T1	Aggression phenotype	[21]
SOG	Proboscis extension in response to satiety state	[147]
Serotonergic neurons
PLP	Aggression	[148]
PMPM	Modulate anesthesia resistant memory and sleep	[149,150]
CSD	Modulate ethanol perception	[111]
SEL	Long term memory formation	[95]

Neuronal circuitry has been functionally linked to a number of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons belonging to different clusters. Similar to mammals, flies carry monoaminergic neurons organized into clusters and the neurons vary in their anatomy and postsynaptic targets. PAM: Protocerebral anterior medial; PAL: Protocerebral anterior lateral; PPL1: Posterior protocerebrum lateral; PPM: Protocerebral posterior medial; SOG: Subesophagal ganglion; PLP: Posterior lateral protocerebrum; PMPM: Posterior medial posterior medial; SEL: Subesophageal lateral; CSD: Contralaterally projecting, serotonin-immunoreactive, deutocerebral.