Table 1.

Mouse models for tracing the cellular origin of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).

Types of CCA	Methods for CCA Induction	Methods for Lineage Tracing	Cellular Origin
Intrahepatic CCA	Chronic thioacetamide (TAA) administration	Rosa26-LSL-LacZ mice crossed with AlbuminCreERT mice or K19CreERT mice	Hepatocytes
	Hepatocyte-specific activation of Akt and Notch pathways by hydrodynamic tail vein injection	Injection of adenoassociated virus serotype 8 vector expressing Cre from transthyretin promoter into Rosa26-LSL-EYFP mice	Hepatocytes
	Duct cell-specific Kras activation and PTEN deletion	K19CreERT mice crossed with LSL-KrasG12D mice and Ptenflox/flox mice	Cholangiocytes
	Duct cell-specific p53 deletion in combination with chronic TAA administration	K19CreERT mice crossed with p53flox/flox mice and Rosa26-LSL-EYFP mice	Cholangiocytes
Extrahepatic CCA	Duct cell-specific activation of Kras and deletion of TGFβR2 and E-cadherin	K19CreERT mice crossed with LSL-KrasG12D, Tgfbr2flox/flox, CDH1flox/flox, and Rosa26-LSL-LacZ mice	Peribiliary glands (PBGs)