| SPR | Small particle reagent |
| CRL | Candida rugosa lipase |
| MWCNTs | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes |
| GA | Glutaraldehyde |
| SAF | Safranin T dye |
| m-CAST | Modified-Centre for Applied Science and Technology |
| BOD | Biochemical oxygen demand |
| RMP | Royal Malaysia Police |
| RSM | Response surface methodology |
| FESEM | Field emission scanning electron microscopy |
| F-MWCNTs | Functionalized-multi-walled carbon nanotubes |
| UTM | Universiti Teknologi Malaysia |
| IFRG | International Fingerprint Research Group |
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