Table 1.
Characteristics of 3939 patients with CKD according to baseline self-reported tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, marijuana use, and hard illicit drug use (the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study)
| Variable | Tobacco Smoking | Alcohol Drinkinga | Marijuana Useb | Hard Illicit Drug Useb,c | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never, n=1781 | Former, n=1641 | Current, n=517 | Nonuser, n=3146 | User, n=793 | Nonuser, n=2646 | User, n=1293 | Nonuser, n=3465 | User, n=474 | |
| Age, yr, mean±SD | 56±12 | 61±9 | 56±10 | 59±11 | 57±11 | 60±11 | 54±10 | 58±11 | 52±9 |
| Women, no. (%) | 944 (53) | 608 (37) | 226 (44) | 1552 (49) | 226 (29) | 1294 (49) | 484 (37) | 1623 (47) | 155 (33) |
| Race/ethnicity, no. (%) | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 718 (40) | 765 (47) | 155 (30) | 1143 (36) | 495 (62) | 1053 (40) | 585 (45) | 1442 (42) | 196 (41) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 695 (39) | 635 (39) | 320 (62) | 1423 (45) | 227 (29) | 1060 (40) | 590 (46) | 1426 (41) | 224 (47) |
| Hispanic | 279 (16) | 189 (12) | 29 (6) | 449 (14) | 48 (6) | 408 (15) | 89 (7) | 456 (13) | 41 (9) |
| Other | 89 (5) | 52 (3) | 13 (3) | 131 (4) | 23 (3) | 125 (5) | 29 (2) | 141 (4) | 13 (3) |
| High school graduate, no. (%) | 1461 (82) | 1281 (78) | 368 (71) | 2399 (76) | 711 (90) | 2040 (77) | 1070 (83) | 2724 (79) | 386 (81) |
| Physical activity, METs/wk, mean±SD | 211±153 | 182±128 | 206±167 | 193±143 | 219±153 | 191±139 | 213±156 | 196±145 | 213±150 |
| Current tobacco smoking, no. (%) | — | — | — | 389 (12) | 128 (16) | 248 (9) | 269 (21) | 368 (11) | 149 (31) |
| Alcohol drinking, no. (%)a | 284 (16) | 381 (23) | 128 (25) | — | — | 436 (17) | 357 (28) | 661 (19) | 132 (28) |
| Marijuana use, no. (%)b | 391 (22) | 633 (39) | 269 (52) | 936 (30) | 357 (45) | — | — | 858 (25) | 435 (92) |
| Hard illicit drug use, no. (%)b,c | 102 (6) | 223 (14) | 149 (29) | 342 (11) | 132 (17) | 39 (2) | 435 (34) | — | — |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean±SD | 33±8 | 32±8 | 30±7 | 33±8 | 30±6 | 32±8 | 32±8 | 32±8 | 31±7 |
| History of cardiovascular disease, no. (%) | 448 (25) | 666 (41) | 202 (39) | 1105 (35) | 211 (27) | 911 (34) | 405 (31) | 1151 (33) | 165 (35) |
| Hypertension, no. (%) | 1490 (84) | 1450 (88) | 451 (87) | 2757 (88) | 634 (80) | 2318 (88) | 1073 (83) | 3000 (87) | 391 (83) |
| Diabetes, no. (%) | 831 (47) | 853 (52) | 224 (43) | 1683 (54) | 225 (28) | 1350 (51) | 558 (43) | 1705 (49) | 203 (43) |
| Antihypertensive medication, no. (%) | 1591 (90) | 1534 (94) | 467 (91) | 2925 (94) | 667 (85) | 2450 (93) | 1142 (89) | 3185 (93) | 407 (87) |
| NSAIDs, no. (%) | 857 (49) | 908 (56) | 249 (49) | 1621 (52) | 393 (50) | 1373 (52) | 641 (50) | 1788 (52) | 226 (48) |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg, mean±SD | 128±22 | 129±22 | 130±24 | 130±23 | 124±21 | 130±22 | 126±22 | 129±22 | 126±23 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg, mean±SD | 72 ± 13 | 71 ± 13 | 73 ± 13 | 71 ± 13 | 73 ± 13 | 71 ± 12 | 74 ± 13 | 71 ± 13 | 74 ± 13 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl, mean±SD | 105±35 | 101±36 | 103±38 | 103±37 | 104±31 | 103±36 | 103±35 | 103±36 | 99±34 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl, mean±SD | 48±16 | 47±15 | 47±16 | 47±15 | 51±17 | 48±15 | 47±16 | 48±15 | 47±16 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl, mean±SD | 12.6±1.8 | 12.6±1.8 | 12.8±1.8 | 12.4±1.8 | 13.4±1.6 | 12.5±1.8 | 12.9±1.7 | 12.5±1.8 | 13.0±1.7 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2, mean±SD | 47±18 | 44±16 | 42±16 | 44±16 | 51±18 | 44±16 | 48±18 | 44±16 | 48±19 |
| Urinary protein, g/24 h, median (IQR) | 0.2 (0.1–0.8) | 0.2 (0.1–0.9) | 0.3 (0.1–1.3) | 0.2 (0.1–1.0) | 0.1 (0.1–0.6) | 0.2 (0.1–0.9) | 0.2 (0.1–1.0) | 0.2 (0.1–0.9) | 0.3 (0.1–1.2) |
MET, metabolic equivalent; —, no data; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; IQR, interquartile range.
a
Participants were classified as users of alcohol if they reported having one or more alcoholic beverages per week.
b
Participants were classified as users of marijuana and hard illicit drugs if they reported any lifetime history of use.
c
Hard illicit drug use is defined as self-reported use of cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine.