Table 2.
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of CKD progression and all-cause mortality according to cumulative average tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, marijuana use, and hard illicit drug use among 3939 patients with CKD
| Variable | Univariable | Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Clinical Site Adjusted | Multivariable Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| CKD progression | ||||||
| Tobacco smoking | 1.52 (1.30 to 1.79) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.06 to 1.48) | <0.01 | 1.02 (0.86 to 1.21) | 0.83 |
| Alcohol drinking | 0.50 (0.42 to 0.59) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.53 to 0.76) | <0.001 | 1.06 (0.88 to 1.29) | 0.54 |
| Marijuana use | 0.93 (0.83 to 1.05) | 0.23 | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.04) | 0.17 | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.07) | 0.35 |
| Hard illicit drug use | 1.26 (1.02 to 1.56) | 0.03 | 1.25 (1.01 to 1.56) | 0.04 | 1.25 (1.00 to 1.55) | 0.05 |
| Cocaine use | 1.16 (0.83 to 1.63) | 0.37 | 1.00 (0.71 to 1.41) | 0.99 | 1.28 (0.90 to 1.83) | 0.17 |
| Heroin use | 2.44 (1.70 to 3.50) | <0.001 | 1.77 (1.23 to 2.56) | 0.002 | 1.57 (1.08 to 2.29) | 0.02 |
| Methamphetamine use | 1.04 (0.78 to 1.39) | 0.77 | 1.26 (0.94 to 1.68) | 0.12 | 1.09 (0.81 to 1.47) | 0.55 |
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Tobacco smoking | 1.87 (1.58 to 2.22) | <0.001 | 1.95 (1.64 to 2.33) | <0.001 | 1.86 (1.54 to 2.24) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking | 0.50 (0.41 to 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.47 to 0.72) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.58 to 0.91) | <0.01 |
| Marijuana use | 0.81 (0.71 to 0.93) | 0.003 | 1.10 (0.95 to 1.28) | 0.19 | 1.11 (0.96 to 1.30) | 0.16 |
| Hard illicit drug use | 1.30 (1.03 to 1.65) | 0.03 | 1.70 (1.33 to 2.16) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.10 to 1.81) | <0.01 |
| Cocaine use | 1.49 (1.03 to 2.16) | 0.04 | 2.21 (1.52 to 3.22) | <0.001 | 2.17 (1.46 to 3.22) | <0.001 |
| Heroin use | 2.16 (1.47 to 3.20) | <0.001 | 2.05 (1.38 to 3.06) | <0.001 | 1.40 (0.93 to 2.10) | 0.10 |
| Methamphetamine use | 1.01 (0.73 to 1.40) | 0.94 | 1.37 (0.99 to 1.91) | 0.06 | 1.21 (0.87 to 1.70) | 0.25 |
| CKD progression or all-cause mortality | ||||||
| Tobacco smoking | 1.61 (1.42 to 1.84) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.24 to 1.63) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.01 to 1.35) | 0.03 |
| Alcohol drinking | 0.53 (0.46 to 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.57 to 0.77) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.85 to 1.16) | 0.96 |
| Marijuana use | 0.89 (0.81 to 0.98) | 0.02 | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.05) | 0.27 | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.08) | 0.55 |
| Hard illicit drug use | 1.26 (1.05 to 1.50) | 0.01 | 1.33 (1.11 to 1.59) | 0.002 | 1.26 (1.04 to 1.51) | 0.02 |
| Cocaine use | 1.30 (1.00 to 1.69) | 0.05 | 1.26 (0.96 to 1.65) | 0.09 | 1.42 (1.07 to 1.88) | 0.02 |
| Heroin use | 2.14 (1.56 to 2.95) | <0.001 | 1.70 (1.23 to 2.34) | 0.001 | 1.38 (0.99 to 1.91) | 0.06 |
| Methamphetamine use | 1.03 (0.80 to 1.31) | 0.83 | 1.25 (0.98 to 1.60) | 0.07 | 1.13 (0.88 to 1.46) | 0.32 |
HRs compare persistent tobacco smoking throughout follow-up with nonsmoking, persistent alcohol drinking throughout follow-up with nondrinking, persistent marijuana use throughout follow-up with no marijuana use, and persistent hard illicit drug use (use of cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine) throughout follow-up with no hard illicit drug use. Multivariable-adjusted analyses are adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, clinical site, education, eGFR, proteinuria, history of diabetes, body mass index, systolic BP, hemoglobin, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and current smoking. HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.