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. 2018 Jul 1;7(7):209–231. doi: 10.1089/wound.2017.0761

Table 1.

Comparison of the immune microenvironment between acute and chronic wounds

Components Acute Wounds Chronic Wounds
Inflammation Controlled Increased
Neutrophils Present only during early phase Prolonged presence
Controlled NETosis Increased NETosis
Macrophages Polarization transition from pro- to anti- inflammatory phenotype Impaired polarization
Inflammatory cytokines Low level Increased level
Anti-inflammatory cytokines High level Low level
Granulation tissue Present Low amount
MMPs Low level High level
TIMPs Normal level Low level when compared to increased MMPs
Fibrosis Low level Increased
Growth factors/cytokines Normal degradation rate Increased degradation rate

MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NET, neutrophil extracellular trap; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase.

HHS Vulnerability Disclosure