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. 2018 Jul 1;7(7):209–231. doi: 10.1089/wound.2017.0761

Table 2.

List of potential immunomodulatory therapeutics for chronic wounds

Pharmaceutical Effects Outcome Species References
PMMA Activates T cells Increases wound closure Diabetic mouse 113
  Increases HSC and keratinocyte proliferation      
IL-1Ra Downregulates inflammation triggered by IL-1R Increases wound closure Diabetic mouse 62,131,132
SDF-1 Increases dermal cell proliferation promotes granulation tissue formation Increases wound closure Diabetic mouse 134
GM-CSF Increases re-epithelialization and angiogenesis Increases wound closure Diabetic mouse 135–140
  Promotes leukocyte recruitment      
  Increases collagen deposition      
  Increases proinflammatory cytokine production      
IL-22 Increases keratinocyte proliferation Accelerates wound healing Diabetic mouse 141–143
TGF-β1 Promotes ECM deposition Improves diabetic wound healing Diabetic mouse 72
  Promotes granulation tissue formation directs macrophage polarization      
MALP-2 Macrophage infiltration and activation Promotes early wound closure Diabetic mouse 6,144,145
      Phase I  
ND-336 Inhibits MMPs Accelerates wound closure Diabetic mouse 150
  Increases reepithelialization and angiogenesis Reduces inflammation      
miR-21 Modulates TGF-β pathway Accelerates wound closure Diabetic mouse 156
miR-99 Regulates PI3K/AKT pathway Accelerates wound closure Diabetic mouse 157
miR-132 Decreases chemokine secretion reduces leukocyte recruitment Promotes transition into proliferative phase Diabetic mouse 158
miR-126-3p Promotes reepithelialization and angiogenesis Accelerates wound closure Diabetic mouse 162
siRNA Regulates immune cell infiltration decreases protease activity Accelerates wound closure Diabetic mouse 163–165
Fibrocyte-derived exosomes Increases keratinocyte proliferation activates fibroblasts Accelerates wound closure Diabetic mouse 167
PRP gels Source of cytokines and growth factors Improves healing in diabetic patients Phase I 5,120
DDHAM Increase cytokine/growth factor production Increases progenitor cell recruitment Improves healing in diabetic patients Phase I 124–130
Silver dressings Antimicrobial Accelerates wound closure Clinically available 152,153
  Inhibits MMPs      
  Promotes granulation tissue formation      

DDHAM, dehydrated human amniotic membrane; ECM, extracellular matrix; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HSC, hematopoietic stem cell; IL, interleukin; IL-1Ra, IL-1 receptor antagonist; MALP, macrophage-activating lipopeptide; PMMA, poly(methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate); PRP, platelet-rich plasma; SDF, stromal cell-derived factor; siRNA, small interfering RNA; TGF, transforming growth factor.

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