Table 2.
List of potential immunomodulatory therapeutics for chronic wounds
Pharmaceutical | Effects | Outcome | Species | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
PMMA | Activates T cells | Increases wound closure | Diabetic mouse | 113 |
Increases HSC and keratinocyte proliferation | ||||
IL-1Ra | Downregulates inflammation triggered by IL-1R | Increases wound closure | Diabetic mouse | 62,131,132 |
SDF-1 | Increases dermal cell proliferation promotes granulation tissue formation | Increases wound closure | Diabetic mouse | 134 |
GM-CSF | Increases re-epithelialization and angiogenesis | Increases wound closure | Diabetic mouse | 135–140 |
Promotes leukocyte recruitment | ||||
Increases collagen deposition | ||||
Increases proinflammatory cytokine production | ||||
IL-22 | Increases keratinocyte proliferation | Accelerates wound healing | Diabetic mouse | 141–143 |
TGF-β1 | Promotes ECM deposition | Improves diabetic wound healing | Diabetic mouse | 72 |
Promotes granulation tissue formation directs macrophage polarization | ||||
MALP-2 | Macrophage infiltration and activation | Promotes early wound closure | Diabetic mouse | 6,144,145 |
Phase I | ||||
ND-336 | Inhibits MMPs | Accelerates wound closure | Diabetic mouse | 150 |
Increases reepithelialization and angiogenesis Reduces inflammation | ||||
miR-21 | Modulates TGF-β pathway | Accelerates wound closure | Diabetic mouse | 156 |
miR-99 | Regulates PI3K/AKT pathway | Accelerates wound closure | Diabetic mouse | 157 |
miR-132 | Decreases chemokine secretion reduces leukocyte recruitment | Promotes transition into proliferative phase | Diabetic mouse | 158 |
miR-126-3p | Promotes reepithelialization and angiogenesis | Accelerates wound closure | Diabetic mouse | 162 |
siRNA | Regulates immune cell infiltration decreases protease activity | Accelerates wound closure | Diabetic mouse | 163–165 |
Fibrocyte-derived exosomes | Increases keratinocyte proliferation activates fibroblasts | Accelerates wound closure | Diabetic mouse | 167 |
PRP gels | Source of cytokines and growth factors | Improves healing in diabetic patients | Phase I | 5,120 |
DDHAM | Increase cytokine/growth factor production Increases progenitor cell recruitment | Improves healing in diabetic patients | Phase I | 124–130 |
Silver dressings | Antimicrobial | Accelerates wound closure | Clinically available | 152,153 |
Inhibits MMPs | ||||
Promotes granulation tissue formation |
DDHAM, dehydrated human amniotic membrane; ECM, extracellular matrix; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HSC, hematopoietic stem cell; IL, interleukin; IL-1Ra, IL-1 receptor antagonist; MALP, macrophage-activating lipopeptide; PMMA, poly(methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate); PRP, platelet-rich plasma; SDF, stromal cell-derived factor; siRNA, small interfering RNA; TGF, transforming growth factor.