Table 4.
List of potential immunomodulatory therapeutics to reduce skin scarring
Pharmaceutical | Target | Function | Species | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
C15 | Neutrophils | Reduces recruitment, restricts area of infiltration | Mouse | 175 |
Macrophages | ||||
αMSH | Leukocytes | Suppresses TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression | Mouse | 176,177 |
Lymphocytes | ||||
Mast cells | Induces IL-10 generation of Tregs | |||
PLCɛ | Leukocytes | Diminishes IL-6, CXCL-1, CXCL-2, and CCL-20 | Mouse | 178 |
CXCR4 agonist | Lymphocytes | Reduces recruitment | Mouse | 179 |
Monocytes | ||||
PDRN | Leukocytes | Reduces recruitment | Rat | 180 |
Mast cells | Inhibits degranulation | |||
Curcumin | Leukocytes | Reduces IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 | Rabbit | 169 |
FM | Cytokine profile | Reduces TGF-β1 expression | Mouse | 182 |
TGF-β3 | Lymphocytes | Induces Tregs | Phase III clinical trial | 7,8 |
Macrophages | Affects polarization | |||
M6P | Cytokine profile | Inhibits TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 | Phase II clinical trial | 185 |
IL-10 | Lymphocytes | Induces Tregs | Phase II clinical trial | 3,185 |
Macrophages | Encourages antifibrotic macrophage polarization | |||
Nefopam | Macrophages | Reduces migration and adhesion | Phase I clinical trial | 186 |
αMSH, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; C15, Chemerin 15; CCL, C-C chemokine ligand; CXCL, C-X-C chemokine ligand; CXCR, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor; FM, fibromodulin; M6P, mannose-6-phosphate; PDRN, polydeoxyribonucleotide; PLCɛ, phospholipase Cɛ; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; Tregs, regulatory T cells.