Table II.
Considered Independent Variables | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meta‐Analysis (Number of Selected Articles/Observations) | Dependent Variablea | Virus and Surrogates | Method | Type of Surface | Surface Characteristic | Temperature | Disinfectant | Model | Model Normalization |
Transfer (10/420 data points) | TrS1;S2 | Norovirus(GI, GII), FCV, MNV1, MS2, Tulane, HAV | Plaque assay Real‐time RT‐PCR | Hard surface, hand, glove, nonmeat food, meat | Wet, dry | NA | NA | Mixed effect | for GEC NoV at: Wet, real‐time RT‐PCR, NoV |
Persistence (16/138 curves) | DS | Norovirus (GI, GII), FCV, MNV1, MS2, Tulane, MS2 | Plaque assay Real‐time RT‐PCR | Hard surface, hand, gloves, nonmeat food, meat | NA | Refrigerated, room | NA | Mixed effect | for GEC NoV at: Room temperature and real‐time RT‐PCR |
Disinfection (18/249 data points) | Dis | Norovirus (GI, GII), FCV, MNV1, MNV99, MS2, Tulane | Plaque assay Real‐time RT‐PCR TCID50 | Hard surface | Wet, dry | NA | Quaternary ammonium, chlorine | Mixed effect | for GEC NoV at: Wet, real‐time RT‐PCR, NoV |
Handwashing (16/50 data points) | DWH | Norovirus (GI, GII), FCV, MNV1, MNV99, MS2, Tulane, HAV, Rotavirus, Poliovirus | Plaque assay Real‐time RT‐PCR TCID50 | Hand | NA | NA | NA | BetaPert (0.17;0.45;6; shape=4) | NA |
See Table I. FCV: Feline calicivirus, MNV: murine norovirus, MS2: F‐specific RNA coliphage MS2, Tulane: Tulane virus, HAV: hepatitis A virus, NA: nonavailable.