Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and demographics of the study population
| Total study population | |
|---|---|
| Number of participants | 236 |
| Mean (sd) age, years | 63.5(14.1) |
| Gender: male, n (%) | 145(61.4) |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 231(97.8) |
| No DPN | Mild DPN | Moderate DPN | Severe DPN | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants, n (%) | 163 (69.1) | 34 (14.4) | 19 (8.1) | 20 (8.5) |
| Mean (sd) age, years* | 61.6 (14.3) | 66.8 (12.9) | 66.1 (13.9) | 67.9 (12.7) |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 154 (95.1) | 33 (100) | 18 (94.7) | 19 (95.0) |
| Previous ulcer†, n (%) | 11 (6.7) | 7 (20.0) | 4 (21.1) | 11 (55.0) |
| Amputation†, n (%) | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 0 | 3 (15.0) |
| Mean (sd) HbA1c | ||||
| mmol/mol | 60.7 (18.8) | 61.3 (19.8) | 58.4 (22.1) | 68.1 (23.2) |
| % | 7.7 (3.9) | 7.8 (4) | 7.5 (4.2) | 8.4 (4.3) |
| Mean (sd) albumin:creatinine ratio | 6.5 (21.4) | 22.7 (54.4) | 2.4 (2.1) | 8.5 (14.9) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 139.3 | 139.4 | 137.3 | 135.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 80.1 | 82.0 | 77.7 | 82.3 |
| Positive 10‐g monofilament test, n (%) | 12 (7.4) | 4 (11.8) | 11 (57.9) | 7 (35.0) |
| DPN‐Check | ||||
| Mean (sd) right sural SNAP‡, μV | 10.2 (6.3) | 5.4 (3.2) | 4.8 (5.5) | 2.2 (1.1) |
| Mean (sd) right sural SNCV‡, m/s | 51.3 (11.9) | 39.2 (12.4) | 33.6 (14.8) | 27.6 (15.5) |
| Mean (sd) left sural SNAP‡, μV) | 10.2 (6.0) | 5.3 (3.4) | 4.3 (5.3) | 1.8 (0.98) |
| Mean (sd) left sural SNCV‡, m/s | 49.7 (11.3) | 43.0 (10.7) | 34.3 (17.3) | 23.9 (10.3) |
| Sudoscan | ||||
| Mean (sd) hand ESC‡, μS | 66.7 (13.3) | 63.0 (12.5) | 51.7 (17.9) | 52.3 (18.8) |
| Mean (sd) foot ESC‡, μS | 65.2 (14.5) | 53.5 (16.6) | 49.5 (14.4) | 48.4 (21.7) |
DPN, diabetic distal symmetrical polyneuropathy; ESC, electrochemical skin conductance; SNAP, sural nerve action potential; SNCV, sural nerve conduction velocity.
*t‐test comparison between no DPN and any DPN (mild, moderate and severe as one group) P<0.01; †chi‐squared test P<0.001; ‡Mann–Whitney U‐test P<0.001.