Table 2.

Comparison of the NIPS variables and the total pain score for four intervention methods (Quantitative)

Variables, Mean ± SD	Breast Milk (n=42)	EMLA Ointment (n=41)	Skin-contact (n=38)	25% Dextrose (n=40)	p-value
Facial expression	0.67±0.47	0.93±0.26	0.76±0.43	0.70±0.46	0.02*
Crying	1.14±0.60	1.59±0.59	1.26±0.64	1.20±0.60	0.00*
Breathing pattern	0.69±0.46	0.90±0.30	0.84±0.37	0.65±0.48	0.01*
Movements of Arms	0.64±0.48	0.90±0.30	0.87±0.34	0.82±0.38	0.01*
Movements of Legs	0.69±0.46	0.88±0.33	0.84±0.37	0.95±0.22	0.01*
State of arousal	0.69±0.46	0.85±0.35	0.89±0.31	0.87±0.33	0.57
Heart rate	1.05±0.49	1.34±0.57	1.24±0.82	1.20±0.68	0.23
Oxygen saturation	0.0±0.0	0.0±0.0	0.0±0.0	0.0±0.0	-
Pain Score level	5.52±2.22	7.37±1.95	6.84±1.96	6.45±1.88	0.00*