Table 3.

Comparison of NIPS variables and total pain score among four intervention methods (Qualitative)

Variable		Breast Milk (n=42)	Ointment (n=41)	Skin-contact (n=38)	Dextrose (n=40)	p-value
Pain score category	Mild (0–3)	7	3	2	2	0.00*
	Moderate (4–6)	18	5	13	17
	Severe (7–10)	17	33	23	21
Facial Expression	Relaxed	14	3	9	12	0.02*
	Grimace	28	38	29	28
Crying	No cry	5	2	4	4	0.021*
	Whimper	26	13	20	24
	Vigorous	11	26	14	12
Breathing pattern	Relaxed	13	4	6	14	0.019*
	Change in breathing pattern	29	37	32	26
Movement of Arms	Relaxed	15	4	5	7	0.013*
	Flexed/extended	27	37	33	33
Movement of Legs	Relaxed	13	5	6	2	0.011*
	Flexed/extended	29	36	32	38
State of arousal	Sleeping/awake	13	6	4	5	0.057
	Fussy	29	35	34	35
Heart rate	Within 10% of baseline	4	2	9	6	0.001*
	11–20% of baseline	32	23	11	20
	> 20% of baseline	6	16	18	14
Oxygen saturation	No additional need to maintain oxygen	42	41	38	40	-
	Additional need to maintain oxygen	0	0	0	0