Table A4.
Summary of findings table (alphabetic order)
| Indicator | Methodology | Reliability Results | Generalizability Results | Year(s) Covered | Type (Private) | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Efficiency | |||||||
| Barbetta et al29 | Technical | COLS, SFA, and DEA | Strong | Strong | 1995‐2000 | NFP | Italy |
| Barros et al26 | Cost | SFA | Moderate | Moderate | 1997‐2008 | NS | Portugal |
| Czypionka et al19 | Technical | Two‐stage DEA | Strong | Strong | 2010 | NFP | Austria |
| Daidone and D'Amico27 | Technical | SFA | Strong | Moderate | 2000‐2005 | FP + NFP | Italy |
| Gigantesco et al35 | LOS | Logistic regression | Weak | Strong | 2002‐2003 | Psych. | Italy |
| Tiemann and Schreyogg20 | Technical | Two‐stage DEA and Diff‐in‐Diff | Strong | Strong | 1996‐2008 | FP + NFP | Germany |
| Heimeshoff, Schreyögg, and Tiemann38 | Employment reduction | Diff‐in‐Diff and FE | Strong | Strong | 1996‐2008 | FP + NFP | Germany |
| Herr24 | Technical and cost | SFA | Strong | Strong | 2000‐2003 | FP + NFP | Germany |
| Herr, Schmitz, and Augurzky25 | Technical, cost and profit | SFA | Strong | Strong | 2002‐2006 | FP | Germany |
| Herwartz and Strumann28 | Technical | Two‐stage DEA + SFA | Strong | Strong | 1995‐2008 | FP + NFP | Germany |
| Lindlbauer and Schreyögg30 | Technical | Two‐stage DEA and SFA | Strong | Strong | 2000‐2010 | FP + NFP | Germany |
| Maravic and Landais31 | LOS | Linear multiple regression | Weak | Weak | 2001 | NS | France |
| Schwierz37 | Responsiveness to demand changes | IVs + FE | Strong | Strong | 1996‐2006 | FP + NFP | Germany |
| Siciliani et al33 | LOS | Quantile regression | Moderate | Weak | 2006‐2007 | NS | United Kingdom |
| Sommersguter‐Reichmann and Stepan22 | Technical | Super efficiency DEA | Strong | Strong | 2009‐2012 | NFP | Austria |
| Vittadini et al39 | Upcoding (by the LOS) | Diff‐in‐Diff and FE | Strong | Moderate | 2007‐2008 | FP + NFP | Italy |
| Accessibility | |||||||
| Barbiere et al41 | Utilization by socioeconomic status | Multivariate logistic regression | Moderate | Weak | 1998‐2006 | ISTC | United Kingdom |
| Biro and Hellowell53 | Waiting times | Region fixed effects | Moderate | Strong | 2000‐2001 & 2008‐2009 | ISTC | United Kingdom |
| Bonastre et al51 | Mean expenditure and usage chemotherapy | Multilevel analysis | Strong | Strong | 2008 | FP | France |
| Gusmano et al58 | Avoidable hospitalization | Multilevel analysis | Strong | Strong | 2004‐2008 | NS | France |
| Mason et al40 | Patient complexity | Mean difference by HRG | Moderate | Low | 2005‐2006 & 2006‐2007 | ISTC | United Kingdom |
| Pappa et al42 | Utilization by socio economic status | Multivariate logistic | Moderate | Low | 2003 | NS | Greece |
| Preti et al50 | Admission after suicide | Multivariate logistic | Moderate | Low | 2004 | Psych. | Italy |
| Riffaut et al52 | Access to preemptive registration on the waiting list | Multilevel analysis | Strong | Low | 2008‐2012 | FP | France |
| Río et al46 | Utilization by socioeconomic status | Logistic regression | Low | Moderate | 2005‐2006 | NS | Spain |
| Salvador et al (2009) | Utilization by socioeconomic status | Logistic regression | Low | Low | 1993‐2003 | NS | Spain |
| Siskou et al43 | Utilization by socioeconomic status and rural versus urban citizens | Stratified survey‐logistic regression | Low | Moderate | 2005 | NS | Greece |
| Souliotis et al45 | Utilization by socioeconomic and out‐of‐pocket payment | Descriptive statistics based upon a stratified sample | Weak | Moderate | 2011‐2012 | NS | Greece |
| Tountas et al44 | Utilization by socioeconomic status | Multivariate logistic analysis | Weak | Moderate | 2006 | NS | Greece |
| Quality of care | |||||||
| Berta et al61 | Mortality rate | Multilevel | Strong | Weak | 2009 | NFP | Italy |
| Britto‐Arias et al56 | Adherence guideline in colorectal cancer screening | Cohort study, relative frequencies with confidence intervals | Weak | Moderate | 2007‐2013 | NS | Austria |
| Gobillon and Milcent57 | Mortality rate | Survival analysis: cox model | Strong | Moderate | 1998‐2003 | FP | France |
| Gusmano et al58 | Rehospitalization rates | Step by step regression models | Moderate | Moderate | 2010 | NS | France |
| Louis et al54 | Inappropriate medical admissions | Descriptive statistics | Weak | Weak | 2001‐2005 | NS | Italy |
| Moscone et al60 | Readmission and death within 30 days | Multivariate OLS regression | Moderate | Weak | 2005‐2007 | NS | Italy |
| Owusu‐Frimponget al63 | Patient satisfaction on accessibility | Mixed method: semistructured interviews + cross‐sectional survey using ANOVA | Weak | Weak | X | NS | United Kingdom |
| Pérotin et al62 | Patients experience | Two‐stage switching regression model (incl. fixed effects) | Strong | Moderate | 2007‐2008 | ISTC | United Kingdom |
| Quercioli, Messina, Basu, McKee, Nante, and Stuckler59 | Avoidable mortality | Region‐specific fixed effects | Strong | Strong | 1993‐2003 | NS | Italy |
| Stroffolini et al55 | Compliance to the antenatal hepatitis B screening program | Multivariate logistic regression based upon a survey | Weak | Weak | 2001 | NS | Italy |
| Multiple dimensions: accessibility, quality of care, and/or efficiency | |||||||
| Preti et al48 | Characteristics of patients, patterns of care, and discharges | Chi‐square or Fischer exact test | Weak | Weak | Data collection 2001‐2005 | Psych. | Italy |
| Berta et al23 | Cream skimming, readmission technical efficiency | SFA | Moderate | Strong | 1998‐2007 | FP + NFP | Italy |
| Fattore et al34 | Regional physical mobility, LOS | Logistic regression + multilevel | Strong | Strong | 2009 | NS | Italy |
| Kondilis et al36 | Bed capacity, occupancy rate, nursing staff rate, LOS, and payment per discharge | Confidence interval analysis | Weak | Moderate | 2001‐2003 | FP | Spain |
| Street et al32 | Patients from deprived versus affluent regions, LOS | Within‐HRG differences with t test | Weak | Weak | 2006/2007 | ISTC | United Kingdom |
| Tiemann and Schreyogg21 | Technical and controlled for mortality | Two‐stage DEA | Strong | Strong | 2002‐2006 | FP + NFP | Germany |
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; COLS, corrected ordinary least squares; DEA, data envelopment analysis; Diff‐in‐Diff, difference‐in‐difference; FE, fixed effect; FP, for‐profit; HRG, Healthcare Resource Groups; ISTC, independent sector treatment centers; IVs, instrumental variables; LOS, length of stay; NFP, not‐for‐profit; NS, not specified; OLS, ordinary least squares; Psych., (private) psychiatric hospitals; SFA, stochastic frontier analysis.