Figure 4. VEM elevates IL-1β production of LPS-stimulated BMDC, abrogated by cotreatment with COB.

BMDC were stimulated with LPS (1 µg/ml). Aliquots were treated in addition with VEM and COB either alone or in combination at the concentrations indicated. DMSO (1‰) served as a solvent control (Ctrl). After 24 h, supernatants were harvested for cytokine detection by CBA. Data represent mean ± SEM of 3–4 independent experiments each. Statistical differences: ^*versus control (Ctrl). ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001.