Fig 4. Maze navigational behaviours and results.

(A, B, & C) Examples of participant trajectories through a maze, using visual-only cues (A), echolocation audio-only cues (B), and humming audio-only cues (C). (D, E, F, & H) Basic efficiency and strategy of navigation through the maze in the visual (purple), echolocation (blue) and humming (green) conditions: time to reach goal in seconds (D), path length in metres (E), mean velocity in metres per second (F), and summed left and right midline deviation in metres (H). Error bars indicate standard error. Statistical significance indicated as follows: not significant (n.s.), p < .05(*), p < .01(**) and p < .001(***). (G) Summed left and right head rotation in degrees. Head rotation from head straight (0°) direction, comparing visual (purple), echolocation (blue) and humming (green) conditions in the maze. Error bars indicate standard error. Statistical significance indicated as follows: not significant (n.s.), p < .05(*), p < .01(**) and p < .001(***). (I, J, & K) Learning curves over 6 trials comparing visual (purple), echolocation (blue) and humming (green) conditions in the maze: time to complete in seconds (I), summed left and right midline deviation in metres (J) and summed left and right head rotation in degrees (K). Linear regression line with R²-statistic shown for each condition in corresponding colours. Error bars indicate standard error. Significance symbols mark significance of effect between first and sixth trial. Statistical significance indicated as follows: not significant (not shown), p < .05(*), p < .01(**) and p < .001(***).