Table 1.
Metabolites in lung cancer (NA: Not applicable)
| Comparison | Upregulated Metabolites | Downregulated Metabolites | Metabolite Analysis Technique Used (Reference) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor versus paired non-tumor tissue from the same patient | Lactate, alanine, citrate, glutamate, succinate, ribosyl moiety of nucleotides, aspartate, leucine, isoleucine, valine, oxidized glutathione, glutamine, creatine, phosphocholine, taurine, glycine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, myo-inositol, α – and β – glucose | NA | 1D – NMR, 2D – 1H TOCSY, GC-MS (Fan et al., 2009) |
| Lactic acid, propanoic acid, glycolic acid, L-alanine, oxalic acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, butanoic acid, ethanimidic acid, malonic acid, L-valine, L-leucin, phosphoric acid, L-isoleucine, L-proline, succinic acid, glycine, pyrimidine, fumaric acid, uracil, L-serine, aminomalonic acid, L-threonine, malic acid, aspartic acid, methionine, 5-oxoproline, L-cysteine, thiodiglycolic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid, L-glutamic acid, L-phenylalanine, 4-hydroxyphenylaceticacid, N-acetylaspartic acid, D-ribose, α-aminoadipic acid, L-glutamine, 9H-purine, DL-ornithine, 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, L-tyrosine, D-gluconic acid, Stearic acid, L-tryptophan, Inosine, Adenosine, guanine | Lauric acid, myristic acid | GC/MS (Hori et al., 2011) | |
| All 19 amino acids, ATP, GTP, other adenosine and guanine phosphates, malate, fumarate, succinate, lactate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, pyruvate Phosphorylated TCA enzymes: phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase-1 and pyruvate kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase |
Adenylate and guanylate charges, fructose 6-phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate | CE – TOFMS, NanoLC – MS/MS (Kami et al., 2013) | |
| Lung cancer patients versus healthy individuals | Lactic acid, 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid, L-glycine, sarcosine, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid, malonic acid, benzoic acid, octanoic acid, L-proline, fumaric acid, L-threonine, malic acid, 2- hexenedioic acid, 4-hydroxyproline, 2-propyl-glutaric acid, aconitic acid, uric acid | Glycerol, phosphoric acid, glyceric acid, aspartic acid, 5-oxoproline, L-glutamic acid, lauric acid | GC/MS (Hori et al., 2011) |
| Serine, Proline, Isoleucine, Ornithine | Asparagine, glutamine, citrulline, methionine, leucine, histidine, tryptophan | HPLC-ESI-MS (Miyagi et al., 2011) | |
| Lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) – (18:1, 20:4, 20:3, 22:6) Sphingomyelins (SM) – SM (16:0/1) |
Oleamide | DI-ESI (+)-FTICR MS (Guo et al., 2012) | |
| Fatty acid amides (C20:1, C20:0, C22:2, C24:1, C22:1), lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC 16:0, 16:0 isomer, 18:0, 18:2, 20:4, 20:5, 22:3, C16:1, C20:3), diradylglycerolipids (DG 38:8), sphingomyelins (SM d18:1/14:0), | 1-arachidonyl glycerol, choline, carnitine (8:1, 10:1), palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, palmitoleic acid | UPLC/Q-TOF MS (Li et al., 2014) | |
| Creatinine riboside, n-acetylneuraminic acid, cortisol sulfate, 561+ | NA | QTOF-MS (Mathe et al., 2014) | |
| Lactic acid, phosphoric acid, benzoic acid, naphthalene, d-glucose, altrose, palmitic acid, octadecanoic acid, stearic acid, cholesterol | 1-propene | GC-MS (Musharraf et al., 2015) | |
| Maltose, ethanolamine, glycerol, palmitic acid, lactic acid | Tryptophan, lysine, histidine, glutamic acid | GC-TOF MS (Miyamoto et al., 2015) | |
| Glycerophospho-N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine, phoshorylcholine, ϒ-linolenic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, oleic acid, α-hydroxyisobutyric acid | Sphingosine, prasterone sulfate, serine, 2,3,4-trihydroxybutyric acid | LC-Q-TOF-MS, GC-MS (Chen et al., 2015) | |
| Leucine, isoleucine, acetate, n-acetyl-cysteine, glutamate, methanol, glycerol, creatinine, lactate | HDL, LDL, VLDL, adipic acid, lipids (CH2-C=C and CH=CH), glutamine, choline, threonine, histidine | 1H-NMR (Puchades-Carrasco et al., 2016) | |
| B-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, lactate, glutamate, glutamine, tyrosine, histidine, aspartate, asparagine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine | LDL, VLDL, unsaturated lipids, α-glucose, β-glucose, choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, betaine, TMAO, methionine, tryptophan | 1H-NMR (Zhang et al., 2016) | |
| Bisphenol A | Retinol, L-proline | LC-MS (Pamungkas et al., 2016) | |
| Putrescine/isobutyl decanoate, 189.09, diethyl glutarate, cysteamine, hexanal, cysteic acid, hydroxypyruvic acid | Phosphatidylcholine (PC 18:0/18:1 and 16:0/14:1), heptanoic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol glucuronide, aminopropylcadaverine, palmitaldehyde, 5-carboxy-gamma-chromanol | FIE-MS, GC-MS (Cameron et al., 2016) | |
| Stage I adenocarcinoma versus normal lung tissue | 5,6-dihydrouracil, xanthine, 5′-Deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine, adenine-5-monophosphate, cysteine, glutamate, 4-hydroxybutyric acid, ribitol, fucose + rhamnose, arabidose, alpha-tocopherol, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine, uric acid | Citrulline, ornithine, lysine, spermidine, 1-monostearin, caprylic acid, glucose | GC-TOF (Wikoff et al., 2015) |
| Squamous cell carcinomas versus adenocarcinomas | Creatinine, glutathione | Myo-inositol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphoethanolamine, taurine | 1H-NMR, HRMAS-NMR (Rocha et al., 2015) |
| Pyruvate, lactate, valine, proline, isoleucine, histidine, 2-aminobutyrate, leucine and alloisoleucine | 2-oxoisocaproate, 4-hydroxybutyrate, lysine, arginine, dimethylamine, isobutyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetate, asparagine, phenylalanine | 1H-NMR, GC-MS (Hao et al., 2016) | |
| Small cell lung carcinomas versus non-small cell lung carcinomas | Phenylacetic acid, L-fucose, caprylic acid, acetic cid, propionic acid and glycine | NA | FIE-MS (O’Shea et al., 2016) |
| Early stage (I-II) lung carcinomas versus healthy individuals | Lactic acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, benzoic acid, octanoic acid, L-proline, fumaric acid, malic acid, aconitic acid, uric acid | Glyceric acid, aspartic acid, lauric acid | GC/MS (Hori et al., 2011) |
| Advanced stage lung cancer (III-IV) versus healthy individuals | Lactic acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, L-glycine, sarcosine, 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid, malonic acid, benzoic acid, octanoic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, 2-hexenedioic acid, 2-propyl-glutaric acid, 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid | Glyceric acid, 5-oxoproline, L-glutamic acid, indol-3-acetic acid | GC/MS (Hori et al., 2011) |
| Advanced stage (III-IV) versus Early stage (I-II) NSCLC carcinomas | Creatinine, N-acetylated glycoproteins (NAC1, NAC2), glycerol | Isoleucine, acetoacetate, lipid L8, creatinine, acetone, valine, isobutyrate, lactate | 1H-NMR (Deja et al., 2014) |
| Advanced Stage non-small cell carcinoma versus early stage non-small cell carcinoma | Leucine/isoleucine, lysine, N-acetyl-cysteine, glutamate, citrate, valine, glycerol, creatine, H α/β amino acids, lactate, phenylalanine | 3-hydroxybutyrate, adipic acid, glutamine, glucose, lipids (CH2-C=C) | 1H-NMR (Puchades-Carrasco et al., 2016) |
| Patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma versus patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | N-acetylated glycoproteins 1 (NAC1), NAC2, leucine, lysine, mannose, choline, lipid (L3+L4), lipid (L6), isoleucine, valine, 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, isobutyrate, α-glucose, glycine, glycerol | Acetate, citrate, methanol, trimethylamine | 1H-NMR (Deja et al., 2014) |
| Patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma versus patients with benign pulmonary disease | Very high density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, adipic acid, lipids (CH2-C=C, CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH and CH=CH), N-acetyl-cysteine, glutamine, choline, proline, methanol, creatinine, myo-inositol, threonine | Leucine/isoleucine, acetate, glutamate, creatine, lactate, glucose | 1H-NMR (Puchades-Carrasco et al., 2016) |
| Lung cancer patients versus smokers/risk-factor individuals | Trihexose, tetrahexose, urocanic acid, muconic acid | Suberic acid, nonanedioic acid, MG (22:2) | LC-QTOF MS/MS (Calderon-Santiago et al., 2015) |