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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Youth Adolesc. 2018 Jan 5;47(10):2129–2142. doi: 10.1007/s10964-017-0803-4

Table 2.

Model fit information for the estimated parallel process growth models

AFC PA TP Total
Step 1: Baseline Models
χ2 (df=59) 97.481** 81.356* 80.171* 105.538**
CFI   0.913   0.959   0.951   0.929
Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI
RMSEA 0.033   (0.021, 0.044) 0.025   (0.009, 0.037) 0.036   (0.025, 0.047) 0.036   (0.025, 0.047)
Step 2: Prospective Hopelessness to Future Orientation
χ2 (df=55) 93.569** 68.855† 69.279† 93.776**
CFI   0.913 0.975 0.967   0.936
Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI
RMSEA 0.034   (0.022, 0.046) 0.020   (0.000, 0.034) 0.021   (0.000, 0.034) 0.035   (0.023, 0.047)
Equality Constraints Applied
χ2 (df=58) 97.129** 79.490* 74.970† 101.737**
CFI   0.911   0.961 0.961   0.933
Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI
RMSEA 0.033   (0.021, 0.045) 0.025   (0.008, 0.037) 0.022   (0.000, 0.035) 0.035   (0.024, 0.046)
Step 3: Prospective Future Orientation to Hopelessness
χ2 (df =55) 92.578** 79.518* 77.135* 101.728**
CFI   0.915   0.955   0.949   0.928
Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI
RMSEA 0.034   (0.021, 0.045) 0.027   (0.012, 0.040) 0.026   (0.009, 0.038) 0.037   (0.026, 0.049)
Equality Constraints Applied
χ2 (df =58) 96.356** 80.888* 79.739** 104.898**
CFI   0.913   0.958   0.950   0.928
Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI
RMSEA 0.033   (0.021, 0.044) 0.025   (0.009, 0.038) 0.025   (0.008, 0.037) 0.036   (0.025, 0.047)
Step 4: Hopelessness to Future Orientation and Future Orientation to Hopelessness
χ2 (df=51) 88.812** 66.556† 67.371† 92.833**
CFI   0.914 0.972 0.962   0.936
Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI
RMSEA 0.035   (0.022, 0.047) 0.022   (0.000, 0.036) 0.023   (0.000, 0.037) 0.037   (0.025, 0.048)
Equality Constraints Applied
χ2 (df=57) 96.055** 79.021* 74.631□ 101.141**
CFI   0.912   0.960   0.959   0.932
Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI Est.     90% CI
RMSEA 0.034   (0.021, 0.045) 0.025   (0.009, 0.038) 0.023   (0.000, 0.036) 0.036   (0.024, 0.047)

Parameters in bold are substantially different from baseline models (Δ CFI ≥ .010; Δ RMSEA ≥ .015) CFI =Comparative Fit Index; RMSEA= Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; AFC = Anticipation of Future Consequences; PA = Planning Ahead; TP = Time Perspective

†

p< .10;

*

p< .05;

**

p<.01