Table 3.

Parameter estimates for the four baseline parallel process growth models.

Intercepts		AFC		PA		TP		Total
		Est.	SE	Est.	SE	Est.	SE	Est.	SE
	IHSC	3.771**	1.249	3.802**	1.243	3.787**	1.246	3.781**	1.246
	SHSC	−0.484	0.962	−0.700	0.857	−0.959	0.886	−0.747	0.933
	IFOS	2.943**	0.381	3.134**	0.413	1.804**	0.39	2.628**	0.306
	SFOS	−0.067	0.233	−0.208	0.232	0.097	0.207	−0.122	0.182
Residual Variances
	IHSC	2.003**	0.462	2.048**	0.461	1.993**	0.474	1.986**	0.465
	SHSC	0.114*	0.067	0.151*	0.068	0.149*	0.068	0.148*	0.067
	IFOS	0.183**	0.024	0.228**	0.025	0.143**	0.023	0.126**	0.015
	SFOS	0.010**	0.003	0.013**	0.003	0.009**	0.003	0.008**	0.002
Growth Factor Associations
A.	IHSC w IFOS	−0.170**	0.053	−0.138*	0.060	−0.114*	0.049	−0.139**	0.040
B.	SHSC w SFOS	−0.017**	0.006	−0.016*	0.007	−0.014	0.009	−0.015*	0.006
C.	SHSC on IHSC	−0.081	0.066	−0.080	0.063	−0.068	0.071	−0.076	0.066
D.	SHSC on IFOS	0.008	0.012	−0.013	0.013	−0.005	0.011	−0.002	0.010
E.	SFOS on IFOS	−0.072†	0.041	−0.069*	0.034	−0.043	0.049	−0.044	0.034
F.	SFOS on IHSC	−0.078	0.117	−0.035	0.100	0.106	0.18	−0.024	0.147
	Regression on Covariates
HSC Intercept
	Age	−0.063	0.096	−0.065	0.095	−0.065	0.095	−0.064	0.095
	Sex	0.179	0.171	0.177	0.172	0.178	0.171	0.179	0.171
	SES	0.175	0.172	0.174	0.172	0.179	0.172	0.180	0.172
HSC Slope
	Age	0.055	0.061	0.062	0.060	0.051	0.062	0.062	0.060
	Sex	0.083	0.076	0.092	0.077	0.087	0.078	0.091	0.077
	SES	0.054	0.079	0.051	0.079	0.055	0.086	0.049	0.080
FOS Intercept
	Age	−0.007	0.029	−0.034	0.032	0.062*	0.030	0.007	0.023
	Sex	−0.002	0.049	0.095†	0.052	0.034	0.046	0.041	0.038
	SES	−0.043	0.049	0.016	0.052	−0.123**	0.046	−0.050	0.038
FOS Slope
	Age	0.023	0.013	0.035*	0.013	0.007	0.014	0.022*	0.010
	Sex	−0.011	0.018	0.019	0.020	−0.015	0.018	−0.002	0.015
	SES	0.006	0.018	0.001	0.013	0.028	0.019	0.008	0.015

HSC = Hopelessness Scale for Children; FOS = Future Orientation Scale; AFC = Anticipation of Future Consequences; PA = Planning Ahead; TP = Time Perspective; I = Intercept; S = Slope; SES is a binary variable with eligibility for free lunch coded as 1; Sex is a binary variable with female coded as 1

^†p< .10;

^*p< .05;

^**p<.01