. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Youth Adolesc. 2018 Jan 5;47(10):2129–2142. doi: 10.1007/s10964-017-0803-4

Table 4.

Parameter estimates for parallel process growth models with addition of prospective cross−lagged association between hopelessness and future orientation as well as future orientation and hopelessness (equality constraints applied)

Intercepts		AFC		PA		TP		Total
		Est.	SE	Est.	SE	Est.	SE	Est.	SE
	IHSC	3.738^**	1.250	3.788^**	1.245	3.770^**	1.247	3.773^**	1.248
	SHSC	−0.368	0.973	−0.607	0.869	−0.827	0.888	−0.593	0.947
	IFOS	2.944^**	0.380	3.133^**	0.412	1.801^**	0.387	2.627^**	0.304
	SFOS	−0.073	0.233	−0.220	0.230	0.078	0.206	−0.132	0.180
Residual Variances
	IHSC	2.041^**	0.477	2.075^*	0.475	2.023^**	0.488	2.028^**	0.481
	SHSC	0.150^*	0.067	0.154^*	0.069	0.157^*	0.069	0.155^*	0.067
	IFOS	0.182^**	0.024	0.227^**	0.025	0.140^**	0.023	0.125^**	0.015
	SFOS	0.009^**	0.003	0.013^**	0.003	0.009^**	0.003	0.008^**	0.002
Growth Factor Associations
A.	IHSC w IFOS	−0.167^**	0.006	−0.129^*	0.060	−0.098^*	0.049	−0.129^**	0.041
B.	SHSC w SFOS	−0.016^*	0.006	−0.015^*	0.007	−0.011	0.009	−0.013^*	0.006
C.	SHSC on IHSC	−0.089	0.066	−0.085	0.063	−0.078	0.070	−0.087	0.066
D.	SHSC on IFOS	−0.107	0.122	−0.057	0.106	0.056	0.184	−0.068	0.154
E.	SFOS on IFOS	−0.072^†	0.041	−0.069^*	0.033	−0.041	0.049	−0.045	0.033
F.	SFOS on IHSC	0.010	0.012	−0.010	0.013	−0.001	0.011	0.001	0.010
Regression on Covariates
HSC Intercept
	Age	−0.062	0.096	−0.065	0.095	−0.065	0.095	−0.065	0.096
	Sex	0.176	0.171	0.172	0.172	0.176	0.171	0.175	0.172
	SES	0.177	0.173	0.173	0.172	0.180	0.172	0.179	0.172
HSC Slope
	Age	0.050	0.061	0.058	0.060	0.051	0.062	0.059	0.060
	Sex	0.083	0.076	0.094	0.077	0.088	0.078	0.093	0.077
	SES	0.054	0.079	0.053	0.079	0.051	0.086	0.050	0.079
FOS Intercept
	Age	−0.007	0.029	−0.033	0.032	0.063^*	0.030	0.008	0.023
	Sex	−0.002	0.049	0.096^†	0.052	0.036	0.046	0.041	0.038
	SES	−0.044	0.049	0.016	0.052	−0.124^**	0.046	−0.050	0.038
FOS Slope
	Age	0.023^†	0.013	0.036^**	0.013	0.008	0.014	0.023^*	0.010
	Sex	−0.011	0.018	0.019	0.020	−0.013	0.018	−0.001	0.015
	SES	0.006	0.018	0.001	0.019	0.029	0.019	0.008	0.014
Prospective Cross-Lagged Regression (equality constraints applied)
HSC (T2, T3, T4, T5) on FOS (T1, T2, T3, T4)
		0.054	0.059	0.037	0.061	0.040	0.069	0.042	0.064
FOS (T2, T3, T4, T5) on HSC (T1, T2, T3, T4)
		−0.006	0.008	−0.011	0.008	−0.017^*	0.009	−0.011^†	0.006

HSC = Hopelessness Scale for Children; FOS = Future Orientation Scale; AFC = Anticipation of Future Consequences; PA = Planning Ahead; TP = Time Perspective; I = Intercept; S = Slope; SES is a binary variable with eligibility for free lunch coded as 1; Sex is a binary variable with female coded as 1

^†

p< .10;

p< .05;

^**

p<.01