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. 2018 Jul 5;8:126. doi: 10.1038/s41398-018-0129-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Time (in seconds) spent immobile at baseline (pre-surgery) for all groups, confirming that there were no differences between animals at the start of the experiment. b Time spent immobile in the forced swim test as a percentage of the pre-surgery value for each animal. OB surgery significantly reduced the time spent immobile compared with pre-surgery values, indicating hyperactivity. Behavior was partially rescued by MI-rTMS treatment. # indicates that post-surgery levels are significantly different from untreated animals. * shows significant differences between post-surgery and post-treatment within a group. c, d BDNF concentration in the frontal cortex (c) and hippocampus (d). Only MI-rTMS resulted in increased BDNF levels compared with sham/sham treatment in both frontal cortex and hippocampus, but no significant differences were observed between any groups compared with OB/sham. * indicates a significant difference compared with sham/sham. e–g Immunohistochemistry showing EdU single-labeled and EdU-NeuN double-labeled cells in the granular and subgranular layers of the dentate gyrus. e, f Low power view of the hippocampus in sham (e) and MI-rTMS (f)-treated mice showing increased Edu labeling following MI-rTMS. confocal microscopy of MI-rTMS-treated animal confirming co-localization of NeuN (gi), EdU (gii), labels merged (giii), with a 3d rotated view showing co-localization of red and green staining within the hippocampal neurons (giii). h, i Number of EdU-positive cells (h) and Edu-NeuN double-labeled cells (i) in hippocampus following OB surgery and rTMS treatment. A significant increase was found in the number of newly born neurons following MI-rTMS compared with OB/sham and sham/sham mice. * shows a significant difference compared with sham/sham and OB/sham. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. Scale bars are 500 µm (e) and 50 µm (g). BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor, EdU 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (Thermo Fisher Scientific), HI-rTMS high-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, LI-rTMS light-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, MI-rTMS medium-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, NeuN neuron-specific protein, OB olfactory bulbectomy, rTMS repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation