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. 2018 Jul 5;8:10152. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28616-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diurnal expression of NR1D1 (a) NR1D2 (b) and PER3 (c) genes in the hair follicle cells collected from all study participants (n = 24), and the diurnal expression of NR1D1 (d,g,j) NR1D2 (e,h,k) PER3 (f,i,l) in the hair follicle cells of individuals in each chronotype group (morningness: n = 8, intermediate: n = 8, eveningness: n = 8). Data are the mean ± SE. There was a significant time effect (P = 0.001) observed for NR1D1, NR1D2, and PER3 expression, and the time × trial interaction was also significant (P = 0.027) for PER3 expression (two-way repeated measures ANOVA) in all participants. There was a significant time effect (P = 0.001) observed for NR1D1, NR1D2, and PER3 expression in the morningness group, and for NR1D2 (P = 0.004) and PER3 (P = 0.001) expression in the intermediate group (two-way repeated measures ANOVA).